PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I Hippocampus A H M B Clive Wearing C Depression II Amygdala A PTSD B Autism C Psychopaths III Mirror Neurons IV Pruning V Classical Conditioning A Ivan Pavlov B Definition of Acquisition C Definition of Extinction D Definition of Stimulus Generalization E Definition of Stimulus Discrimination F E B Twitmeyer Outline of Current Lecture I Operant Conditioning A B F Skinner B Ways to learn II Magazine Training III Partial Reinforcement A Partial Reward Schedule B DRO Schedule C Behavior Modification IV Observational Learning V Escape Avoidance Learning A Learned Helplessness B Conditional Emotional Response Current Lecture These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute l Operant Conditioning is the learning of a new response The behavior is controlled by its consequences which are reward or punishment If the response is positive the behavior will increase if it s negative the behavior will decrease A B F Skinner became the most important figure in psychology related to operant learning He conducted many experiments and because of this the operant conditioning chamber is called the Skinner box after him B Positive Reinforcement or reward is when you do something that brings about something desirable that behavior increases Negative Reinforcement is removing something undesirable So if you stop something bad from happening to you your behavior increases Extinction is when you fail to bring about something desirable so behavior decreases Punishment is when you bring about something undesirable behavior decreases Punishment can suppress a behavior but when they can t be punished anymore they ll continue to do that bad behavior ll Magazine training is when a rat is kept in a skinner box and a pellet is released every time they do something correctly Every time they hear the noise of the pellet dispenser they will be rewarded with a pellet This shaping and rewarding animals helps you get your desired response from them lll Partial Reinforcement prolongs the persistence of a learned response in the absence of a reward Half the time you do something correct you get rewarded but not every time When Skinner stopped rewarding the animals they stopped the behavior A In the Partial Reward Schedules we can either use a fixed ratio a fixed interval a variable interval or a variable ratio A fixed ratio is when you present a reward after the fixed number of responses A fixed interval is when a reward is available only after the fixed time has elapsed A variable interval is when a reward is available after variable intervals with a particular mean value A variable ratio is when a reward is presented after the variable number of responses B The DRO Schedule or the Differential Reward of Other behavior is when a reward is given if specified interval of time passes without display of target behavior This method can eliminate undesirable behavior without using punishment It makes the bad behavior disappear because other behaviors move in and take its place C Behavior Modification is the intelligent use of operant learning techniques to change behavior in a positive direction When these experiments go wrong like the traffic light token system it can result in delayed punishment lV Observational Learning is when we pick up what people do by observing This learning contributes to the emergence of gender role behaviors Observation of behavior can lead to an increase in an observed behavior that is rewarded and a decrease in one that is punished A child viewing an adult who praises other children for punching an inflated doll will be more likely to do the same V Escape is the termination of an aversive event and avoidance is the prevention of onset of aversive event due to the link between fears induced by a warning signal A Learned Helplessness has no correlation between behavior and aversive events This impairs learning and leads to depression Therapy for this involves providing opportunities for control B Conditional Emotional Response or CER is a learned emotional fear response that can be used to measure the degree of fear You suppress high responding by inducing fear associated with an aversive stimulus