April 13 2015 Friday Night Lights o Thesis Why should we read this book o Major historical actors o Race relations o School life and gendered behavior A Changing World The Indian Problem White settlers wanted lands for farming Andrew Johnson o Indian Removal Act of 1830 Moves all Indians west of the Mississippi Annihilation This continues o Some thought that they should all simply be exterminated Some people thought they were of a lower social order so they would become extinct naturally Other people thought they should just have a removal policy to remove them from their traditional hunting grounds to Indian Territory which we now call Oklahoma On one hand people think he is a noble brave warrior but the American Indian was also portrayed as savage and uncivilized 1869 o President Grant s Peace Policy o He announces it in his inaugural address o He will urge that they become civilized and ultimately offered American citizenship o Removal to reservation areas and then reformed and assimilated into white society o Included the idea that they would be civilized Meant accepting white culture Including speaking the English language Spiritually they are to accept Christianity They are to accept the idea of individual property ownership Citizenship meant allegiance to the United States not to an individual tribe 1869 1871 o Grant established Board of Indian Commissioners o Indians officially became wards of the nation to be prepared for Americanization and citizenship American Indian boarding school o Carlisle Indian Industrial School Established in 1879 o The children are in uniforms o They are all sitting in lines and organized o Aimed to repress the child s language culture and spirituality o 1800 s mid 1900 s boarding school was mandatory o Children were removed from their families and attended the boarding schools for months or years at a time Children were 5 to 18 years old them for a career in trade work o The boarding schools tried to assimilate the children into the white culture and train o These schools still exist today but are radically different Reflect the culture of the student Tribe members as staff Attendance is voluntary Work with the tribe o 1854 However all these groups will be removed to Indian territory in 1859 Brazos Caddo and Tonkawa and Comanche Reservations 1859 Reservations are abandoned End of reservations in Texas In later years we still have tribes who claim legal right to land in Texas 1968 the Tiguas Income will be generated from tourism Later the Kickapoo Texan Role in the Defeat of the Indians Ranald Slidell Bad Hand Mackenzie and the 4th U S Calvary o Operate in Texas o Received his nickname because he lost two fingers in the Civil War o Also known as a harsh punisher Mackenzie and the rEmolino Raid 1873 Kickapoos o They had stolen tens of thousands of livestock o Murdered scores of settlers o Destroyed homes o Discovered that South Texas from the Rio Grande contained over 90 000 horses and livestock and fewer than 4 500 residents to protect them so stealing was ridiculously easy o By 1873 the Kickapoos were responsible for an estimated 48 million dollars in property damages and loss of livestock o Washington was inundated with letters from Texans demanding help and protection o President Grant will order the 4th U S Calvary to go protect them He chose the 4th because it was rated as the finest Calvary regiment in the U S Mackenzie was considered a dynamic young officer of extraordinary talent army Late March 1873 o Mackenzie received instructions to strike at the Kickapoos o These were not official instructions It would create an international incident because the Kickapoos are from Mexico o They were in position to attack at daybreak The Kickapoos were taken completely by surprise and it was over in minutes 3 villages were totally destroyed o The response to the raid was immediate and favorable However Mackenzie had his actions commended and the Texas State Legislature congratulated him o Mexico did not want to turn this into an international incident and stopped all Kickapoo raids across the Rio Grande o Kickapoos were originally from the U S but moved across the border 1874 Over half were settled in Indian territory by 1874 Agreed to move back to the States Mackenzie and the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon 1874 The battle will occur in late September of 1874 Major battle of the Red River War Many of the Indian groups in Texas have settled in Palo Duro Canyon for the winter Mackenzie and the Calvary planned to trap the tribes in the Canyon o They attack on September 28 o Panic spread amongst the villages in the Canyon o By nightfall Mackenzie and the Calvary had succeeded in capturing the entire winter supply of food and most possessions o Loss of life was small on either side o The Indian groups have almost 1500 ponies with them and Mackenzie and the Calvary succeed in getting most of them Of all the ponies 300 were kept by the soldiers and the rest were shot He shot the ponies so that the tribes couldn t move o Many Indian groups are sent to the reservation in Oklahoma o Breaks the Plains Indians resistance against encroaching whites o Over the next ten years the 10th was the principal military presence in west Texas Stationed at Fort Davis The Indian Problem 1890 o The Battle of Wounded Knee o End of the Indian Wars Benjamin Grierson and the 10th U S Calvary U S army units are segregated 9th and 10th U S Calvary o Composed of African American men 24th and 25th U S Infantry 10th is commanded by Benjamin Grierson The 10th is transferred to Texas African American Soldiers 1875 o 10th is called to prove itself in combat 1880 Battle of Rattlesnake Springs o Victorio Apache Chieftain The 10th fights Victorio and the Apaches and deliver a definite victory Drive the Apaches back to Mexico Henry O Flipper Graduate of WestPoint Born a slave 5th African American accepted to WestPoint but the first to graduate Accepts a commission as a lieutenant in the United States army Served at several forts in Texas 1880 Fort Davis Put in charge of the commissary o Where goods are given to army personnel Grierson was replaced by a new mean leader o Flipper was accused of embezzling the fort funds He was court marshalled and acquitted He was dismissed dishonorably Maintained his innocence until his death Department in the army finally granted him an honorable discharge after his death
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