January 28 2015 Plains People o Wichita Still alive in Oklahoma Approximately 2 5 thousand members They call themselves the raccoon eyed people because of the unique tattoos around their eyes Have an extremely important role They play and act as the middleman for trade for the Comanches the most warlike people Only tribe that could practice this role Blend of agriculture and horse culture o Lipan Apache Name comes from a Zuni word meaning enemy or from a Uma word meaning fighting man Warrior society Buffalo people who hunt in spring and fall using a bow and arrow Received horses secondhand from the seventeenth century from the Spanish which helped with their buffalo hunting Came into direct conflict with the other Plains groups when hunting Apaches had closely cropped hair on the left and long hair on the right Spanish called them the lords of the Plains Almost no formal political structure Great personal liberty Men would live with their in laws Basic structure is the family Should his wife die he would then be obligated to marry her sister or cousin Terrified of ghosts Avoided all graves and the property of the deceased was destroyed Felt that death was a disharmony and a threat to the natural order The name of the deceased was never spoken o Would incorporate Spanish names so that their name bank wouldn t run out o Kiowas Appeared very recently 1600 s in the Southern Plains Soldier society Hunters Used domesticated dogs to pull sleighs Polytheistic Believed in many gods Animistic Believed in the natural phenomena of the universe had souls o Trees had souls sun had a soul etc 12 000 approximate members of the Kiowa tribe in Oklahoma o Comanche The Comanches themselves as just human beings A fierce warrior based society Derived from the Ute word meaning enemy War parties were resplendent in ornamentation and paint Comanches had a tendency to push south and east Believed to have moved south into Texas at the turn of the eighteenth century first recorded in 1743 o In all tribes but particularly Comanches o A ritual for a rite of passage between a young male as he moves into manhood o A military right o Has to display courage and honor in battle o If he does this he passes it right and moves forward to manhood o It is only touching your enemy o Spanish would simply shoot o With the arrival of the Spanish it impacted codes of masculinity and military honor Counting coup coo Later migration into Texas o Cherokee 1790 1820 Called themselves the principle people Quick to adopt elements of the European material culture Start to wear cloth tunics Create a written language called talking leaves Chief Duwali Chief Bowl 314 000 members of the Cherokee nation Just over 819 000 claim Cherokee ancestry Marriage happened and divorce was not unusual Woman places her husband s belongings outside the teepee o Alabamas o Coushattas o Tiguas o Alabamas and the Coushattas merged Currently have tribal bands in Polk County Texas About 1 5 thousand members How did the Spanish see Texan Indians o Failed to understand the tribal organization politics or worldviews etc o Failed to understand the diversity of the tribes in Texas o Thought of themselves as being morally superior o Quick to resort to violence The Spanish Empire and Early Explorers the Spanish Empire 1500 1700 Spanish exploration The mission and presidio system Why explore goods o Silk Road o The European countries competed to try and find an alternative route to the East for 4000 miles long Trading routes Major trading network One of the major trading goods was silk Many other products were marketing along the Silk Road along with intangible objects New technologies Disease like the Black Death Philosophies Religions Disintegrates in the 14th century prompting expeditions across the Atlantic to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 try and find Asia o East of the line created by the treaty belonged to Portugal o West of the line belong to Spain During its empire Spain is known as the world s biggest superpower o Texas was just a very small part of the empire o Texas never had a high priority or resources put into it Spanish Empire o Monarchy Spent about 1800 years reconquering their own country from the wars Spain was made up of various kingdoms but with the 1469 marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon united Spain Isabella and Ferdinand had three goals To create one nation To create one monarchy To create one faith Once peace and unity were established locally they turned their mission to world affairs They got Italian Christopher Columbus to sail from Spain in an attempt to reach the Indies o Religion Historically three coexisting religions Islam Judaism Christianity This changed dramatically with the marriage Isabella and Ferdinand exerted control over religion Dominated the Spanish church By 1525 all residents needed to be officially Catholic o Forced conversion was inadequate for complete integration into society o If you wanted to be appointed to an office in the Church or the government purity of blood regulations were put in place Created an effect in the New World National agency was made to enforce the uniformity of religious practice o The Inquisition o This led to 1492 when all Jews were exiled from Spain and their property confiscated to keep this uniformity of faith o 1502 non converting Moors Islam were driven into exile o Mercantilism Economic process Believed that there was a finite amount of wealth in the world and that the European country that had the most would be the superpower To get wealth European nations had to create colonies which would provide resources gold silver etc Resources would then be sent back to the mother country therefore increasing the wealth Sent Spain timber they made tables sent it back to us o Expansion International rivalry Spanish imperial bureaucracy Extremely slow Took ships months to get across the Atlantic Sometimes took three years to get approval for something o God Gold and Glory Came to the New World hoping to convert the indigenous people get gold for the mother country and uphold the glory of Spain Mexico became a jewel in the Spanish crown Texas is a buffer zone to prevent the French from reaching Mexico Spanish imperial Indian policy o Tribal organization Undergo agreements with the chief of the various tribes but didn t understand about the personal liberties of the warriors o Assumed that they were superior Felt that their social boundaries were more civilized and therefore
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