Ribosomes Eukaryotic cells are between 10 100 micrometers diameter and prokaryotic are about 1 micrometer in diameter Bio Review Powerpoint Notes Sunday Feb 22 Cell Fractionation Light Microscopes Electron Microscopes Prokaryotic Vs Eukaryotic Selectively permeable plasma membranes Cytoplasm Chromosomes Ribosomes Know the Eukaryotic Cell Diagram Animal Know their functions Nucleous Plasma membrane ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Lysosome Mitochondrion Micro llaments Microtubles Endoplasmic reticulum ER Up to 1000x magni cation 0 2 micrometers resolution 1 000 000X magni cation nm resolution Allows puri cation and study of cellular components Similarities 1 2 3 4 Di erences 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 1 It is semipermeable therefore it is speci c increasing size and increasing charge restrict movement across membrane 2 Know Hydrophobic and hydrophilic areas 3 Transport proteins are used Simple 1 2 Facilitated 1 2 3 1 2 3 Mechanism to move molecules against their concentration gradients requires energy 1 2 Tonicity Hypotonic Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell cell gains water Hypertonic Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell cell loses water Isotonic Solute concentration is the same no net water movement across plasma membrane Provides a pore for movement of substances Channels and carriers are highly speci c for the molecules or ions they transport and they are regulated Aquaporin water channel Movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration Di usion of water is called osmosis Ex In animal cell 2 K pumped in and 3 Na pumped out uses ATP energy to pump Has a voltage 100 mVolts Know Plant Cell Central Vacuole Chloroplast Cell Wall Plasma Membrane Diagram Active Transport Di usion Exocytosis and Endocytosis Exocytosis Used to transport materials out of cell 1 2 Endocytosis Brings materials into the cell 3 types of endocytosis a Phagocytosis b Pinocytocis c Receptor mediated endocytosis 1 Catabolic releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds Anabolic Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones 1 Metabolism and Thermodynamics The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism 1st law of thermodynamics Energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed amount of energy in universe is constant 2nd Law Energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe entropy s is the measure of disorder or chaos Enthalpy H Gibbs Free Energy G positive and negative Know the equations Exergonic Endergonic and their characteristics Energy Potential and chemical Kinetic and Heat Enzymes Class of proteins Catalyst agent that increases rate of chemical reactions not consumed in reaction Almost all reactions use catalysts a single enzyme can catalyze thousands of reactions per second Enzymes speed the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of that reaction Excess heat disrupt chemical bonds that hold enzyme together pH is also important for enzyme structure and function depends on environment of the enzyme Such as one in the stomach VS on in the intestine Look at all enzyme graphs and diagrams 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 Respiration Cofactors Nonprotein enzyme helpers minerals Coenzymes vitamins organic also help enzymes Allosteric Regulation Competitive inhibitor can be overpowered by increasing the concentration of substrate Noncompetitive inhibitor more potent can t be overpowered 6 1 2 Redox reactions 1 2 3 4 Overview 1 Energy investment energy in Energy payo ATP out net of 2 ATP and NADH 1 2 NADH per starting molecule of glucose 1 for each pyruvate 1 glucose 2 turns of cycle so 2 ATP 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 3 Electron Transport MAKES HIGH CONCENTRATION OF PROTONS DOESNT MAKE ATP 4 multi protein complexes in inner membrane of mitochondria NADH electron carrier 1 at complex 1 Reductions reactions where electron is gained Oxidation reactions where electron is lost Determined by electronegativity Energy is released in redox reactions negative decreasing Delta G Glycolysis in cytosol cytoplasm Glucose is broken to pyruvate 2 stages Krebs Cycle in mitochondrial matrix Fermentation FADH2 electron carrier 2 at complex 2 Attach to Oxygen nal electron acceptor to make water More protons in intermembrane space which makes the gradient Production of ATP is Chemiosmosis ATP Synthase makes the ATP Energy production when oxygen is scarce makes either ethanol or lactate 1 2 Two fermentation diagrams 1 2 3 4 5 Know organisms that use this such as anaerobic organisms Photosynthesis Is the process that converts solar energy to chemical energy Light Reactions on Thylakoid membranes Know Thylakoid NADPH only for photosynthesis electron carrier 3 Calvin cycle Carbon xation occurs on storma chloroplasts 3 phases Carbon xation reduction and regeneration of CO2 acceptor RuBP Know carbon xation know how many turns to make enough carbon for one glucose molecule and how many ATP and NADH made in that amount of turns Double Pigments A blue green B and Caratenoids orange protect plant the color shown is the color not absorbed by the light Photosystem light harvesting complex systems PS II Pigment 680 and PS I NADPH pigment 700 they are connected by electron transport chain water provides the electrons by the Oxygen C4 Photosynthesis avoids photorespiration by adapting uses Oxygen instead of carbon Cacti open stomata at night and close during day to avoid losing water Endosymbionts chloroplasts and mitochondria were thought to be their own organisms before came with double membranes Evidence own DNA for certain proteins Evidence 1 2 1 2 3
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