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BSC 2010 Test 1 Study GuideLecture 1• New Properties Emerge at Each Level of Hierarchyo Life can be studied by level Ex: Atom → Molecule → Biosphereo Study of Life can be organized at different levels of biological organizations• Emergent Propertieso Result from the arrangement and interactions of parts in a systemo Methods to study Emergent Properties: 1. Reductionism – reducing a complex system to its simplest component• Makes it Manageable• Ex: Understanding DNA Structureo Developed by Watson, Crick, and Franklin in 1954  2. Systems Biology – viewing an entire system as a whole and how they function together• Construct models for dynamic behavior of entire biological systems• Cellso Definition: Organism’s basic structure and function unito Lowest level of lifeo All cells have a membrane and use DNA for genetic information• Components Required for Lifeo 1. Homeostasis – ability to maintain internal environmento 2. Organization – structurally composed of at least one cello 3. Metabolism – ability to transform energyo 4. Growth – maintenance of a higher rate of anabolism (building up) than catabolism (breaking down)o 5. Adaption – ability to change over timeo 6. Response to Stimulio 7. Reproduction – ability to form new organisms Most important aspect of life• Cell Types (2)oo 1. Prokaryotic  Simple Cells without nucleus and membrane covered organelles• Ex: Bacteriao 2. Eukaryotic  Membrane enclosed organelles• Ex: Plants and animals•• Continuity of Lifeo Based on inheritable info in the form of DNA Chromosomes contain the majority of DNA and are found in the nucleuso DNA is the substance of genes and build proteinso Genes – units of inheritance that transmit info that pass from parent to offspring Cells differentiate by using specific sections of the DNA• Central Dogma of Modern BiologyoDNA ⟹ RNA ⟹ Proteino↑↑o Transcription Translation• Structure of DNAo Shape: Double Helixo Nucleotides: A, T, C, G Vary arrangement to create new cellso 1 % - 2 % of DNA codes for proteins • Biology – study of lifeo Two Ways to Study 1. Discovery Science – observe and describe aspects of the world and draw conclusions from inductive reasoning 2. Hypothesis Based Science – from observations, scientists propose hypotheses and if they are correct it can be tested to determine an outcomeLecture 2• Mattero Definition: Anything that takes up space and has masso Made of pure chemical elements Compounds – combinations of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratioo Makes up all organisms• Elemento Definition: substance that cannot be further broken down chemicallyo Essential Elements of Life: Consists of 25 elements • Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen make up 96 % of all lifeo Most of remaining 4 % is calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur• Trace Elements – required in small amounts (less than 100 mg daily)• Elemental Properties o Depend on atom structure All elements are made of atoms Atom – smallest unit of matter that retains properties of elements• Made of subatomic particlesParticle Charge Mass LocationProton + 1 Dalton Atomic NucleusNeutron No Charge 1 Dalton Atomic NucleusElectron - 0 Electron Cloud• Periodic Table1st Shell1HydrogenH↑ Electronegativity →2HeliumHe2nd Shell3LithiumLi4BerylliumBe5BoronB6CarbonC7NitrogenN8OxygenO9FluorineF10NeonNe3rd Shell11SodiumNa12MagnesiumMg13AluminumAl14SiliconSi15PhosphorusP16SulfurS17ChlorineCl18ArgonAr 2  Atomic Number He  Element Symbol 4.00  Atomic Masso First shell can hold a maximum of 2 electronso Second and Third shells can each hold a maximum of eight electronso All elements in the first column have one electron in their valence (outer) shell All elements in column two have two electrons in their valence shell• Elements in column three have three electrons and so on• Isotopes o Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutronso Radioactive Applications: Carbon Dating Diagnosing Medical Disorders Tracing Atoms in Metabolic Processes • Energyo Capacity to cause change Potential Energy – energy due to location and structureo As shell level increases energy levels increase Due to electrons in higher shells having higher energyo Energy is lost (emitted) when electrons drop down in shells Energy is absorbed when electrons increase in shell level• Electron Distributiono Chemical behavior of atoms are determined by how electrons are arranged in shells Illustrated by the periodic tableo Valence Electrons – e- present in outer most shell (valence shell) Valence shell electrons react and determine the chemical behavior of an element Chemically Inert – Full valence shell makes elements unreactive• Electronegativity – element’s tendency to take electronso Oxygen is the most electronegative element of lifeo Carbon is the best sharer of electrons “The Ultimate Sharer”• Bond Types (2)o 1. Covalent Bond – equal sharing of valence electrons 2 Types:• Nonpolar Covalent Bond – completely equal sharing of electronso Ex: H2, CH4• Polar Covalent Bond – unequal sharing of electrons resulting in partial positive and negative chargeso Ex: H2O The two hydrogen atoms have a partial positive charge and the oxygen has a partial negative charge because of its high electronegativityo Partial Charge – more electronegative atom keeps more electrons around it−¿(∂ Negative Charge)δ¿oo Polar Easily broken bonds Releases less energy Ex: Carbso Nonpolar Harder to break Releases more energy Ex: Hydrocarbon•o 2. Ionic Bond – forms ions (charged particles) due to the complete division of electrons Ex: −¿+¿+Cl¿HCl→ H¿Lecture 3• Watero Appears to be unique to Earth Required for Lifeo Covers ¾ of Earth’s surface o Makes up 60 % - 70 % of weight of all life o Regenerated and redistributed by the water cycleo Only molecule that exists naturally in all three states (solid, liquid, gas)• Structure of Watero Chemical Formula: H2Oo Bond Angle = 104.5oo Figure:Hd+ Hd+ \ / Od- Forms of Water (3)o 1. Solid: Ice Hydrogen bonds are stable Forms a Hexagonal Lattice More spacious than liquid form (less dense)o 2. Liquid  Fragile and disorganized hydrogen bonds• Bonds last a few trillionths of a secondo 3. Gas Single


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FSU BSC 2010 - Test 1 Study Guide

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