Sunday 3-5pm review session kin 1024Chapter 1 biology -Levels at which we study biology from smallest to biggest1. Atom2. Molecules3. Organelle 4. Cell 5. Tissue6. Organ 7. Organ sytem8. Organism9. Population10. Community11. Ecosystem12. Biosphere Emergent properties - New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. Biology: the study of lifeSystems biology - An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts. Global climate change - Increase in temperature and change in weather patterns all around the planet, due mostly to increasing atmospheric CO2 levels from the burning of fossil fuels. The increase in temperature, called global warming, is a major aspect of global climate change. Temperature - A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules. Eukaryotic cell - A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes. Prokaryotic cell - A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes. Deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) - A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.Gene - A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). Negative feedback - A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change. Positive feedback - A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change. Science - An approach to understanding the natural world.1cm = 1/100 of a meter1milimeter= 1/1000 of a meter1micrometer= 1/1000 of millimeterOrganism: 1cm Organ: 10 cmCell: 100cmTissue: 1cm Molecule : 1nmOrganelle: 1nmHypothesis: a testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower than a theoryObservation--- question---hypethersis1 ----hypothesis 2--- prediction---test of prediction---theory• A good hypothesis must be testable and falsifiableInquiry: the search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific question. Asking question is a crucial part of science!!Hypothesis= guessChapter 2 Element: any substance that cannot be broken down into anything smallerCompound: a substance containing two or more elements combined in a fixed ratioAtom: the smallest unit of matterNeutron: a subatomic particle having no electrical charge with a mass about 1.7*10^-24 grams , found in the nucleus of an atomProton: A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, with a mass of about 1.7 × 10^-24 g, found in the nucleus of an atomElectron : A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2,000 that of a neutron or proton. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom.Isotope : One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass.Radioactive isotope: an isotope is an atomic form of a chemical element that is unstable Energy: that capacity to cause change, especially to do work or to move matter against an opposing force.Electron shell: an energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom.Valence electron: electrons in the outer most electron shellValence shell: the outermost energy shell of an atom, valence electrons are found on the valence shell. Covalent bond: a type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electronsAtom abbreviation #of bondsHydrogen H 1 Oxygen O 2Nitrogen N 3Carbon C 43subatomic particlesNeutron – neutral Electron- negativeProton- positive Orbitals come from quantum mechanics Molecule: two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds H.+H.-Ion: an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a chargeNa++Cl-_ nacl- Ionic bond: a chemical bond resulting from attraction between oppositely charged Cation: positively charged ionAnion: a negatively charged ionelectronsCovalent bonds- share orbitalIonic : transferHydrogen bonds: attractive force between regions of high and low electron densityElectronegativity: tendency of atoms to attract electronsPolarity:Hydrogen bond: a type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly possitve hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same moleculeVander waals interaction- weak attraction between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transilent local partial charges . exp) geicos sticking to walls.Chemical reaction: the making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter2H2 + O2 2H2OAccording to the news what makes wrinkled fingers important: they help grip wet objectsAccording to the news how does armstrong dope: through blood transfusion and EPOChapter 3 water and life-Emergent properties of water:Cohesionhigh surface tension high heat capacityTemperatureDensitySolventIce floatsDissolves polar materials-water has a high heat capacityCallories is defined based on water-specific heat: the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of material 1 degree celciuscohesion: the linking together of molecules, often by hydrogen bondsadhesion: the clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant leaf this happens through hydrogen bondsurface tension: a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has
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