BSC2010 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE 1 FALL 2012 STUDY GUIDE 21 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM I INNATE IMMUNITY Vocabulary Acquired immunity Defense against specific pathogens or toxins requires prior exposure to the pathogen a learned response Antimicrobial peptides and proteins know peptides interferon and compliment Apoptosis cell death by suicide Barrier defenses skin mucus membranes secretions Complement group of 30 proteins always present in blood in inactive state Activated by interaction with foreign microbe Eosinophyls are white blood cells that are one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections Granzyme enters cells and induce apoptosis Histamine histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues Inflammatory response a group of responses to tissue damage from a cut or infection Innate immunity defense mechanisms we are born with do not require prior exposure to pathogen work against general groups of pathogens Interferon secreted by cells infected with virus inhibit spread of infection Macrophages phagocytose or engulf and then digest cellular debris and pathogens either as stationary or as mobile cells MHC protein major histocompatibility complex protein mediate interactions of leukocytes with other leukocytes or body cells Mast cells play an important protective role as well being intimately involved in wound healing and defense against pathogens Monocytes play multiple roles in immune function Such roles include 1 replenish resident macrophages and dendritic cells under normal states and 2 in response to inflammation signals monocytes can move quickly to sites of infection in the tissues and divide differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to elicit an immune response Half of them are stored in the spleen Mucous secretions trap microbes which are then swept upward and out by cilia saliva tears continually clean the outsides of our bodies Natural killer cells white blood cells that recognize and destroy virus infected cells Neutrophils most abundant white blood cells one of the first responders of inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation Perforin pokes holes in membrane of cells Phagocytic white blood cells recognizes and destroys sets of pathogens by recognizing molecules on the surface of pathogens Septic shock excessive system response Toll like receptors TLR gives white blood cells the innate ability to recognize foreign invaders neutrophils macrophages and eosinophils Principles and Concepts Know that the immune system consists of mechanisms of innate immunity and mechanisms of acquired immunity Know the basic definitions and properties of each of these categories of immune mechanisms o Innate immunity defense mechanisms we are born with do not require prior exposure to pathogen work against general groups of pathogens recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens using a small set of receptors rapid response Recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens using a vast array of receptors Slower response Antibodies defend against infection in body fluids Cell mediated response Cytotoxic lymphocytes defend against infection in body cells o Acquired immunity Defense against specific pathogens or toxins requires prior exposure to the pathogen a learned response Recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens using a vast out of body by cilia Saliva tears and other mucous secretions continually clean and bath the outsides of our body array of receptors Slower response Know that mechanisms of innate immunity are further grouped into barrier defenses and internal defenses Know the basic definitions and properties of these categories of immune mechanisms o Barrier defenses skin mucus membranes secretions this is the first line o Internal defenses phagocytic cells antimicrobial proteins inflammatory of defense Fig 43 2 response natural killer cells microorganisms Pathogens and viruses INNATE IMMUNITY Recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens using a small set of receptors Rapidresponse Rapid response Barrier defenses Skin Mucous membranes Secretions g y Internal defenses Phagocytic cells Antimicrobial proteins Inflammatory response Natural killer cells ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens using a vast array of receptors Slower response Humoral response Antibodies defend against infection in body fluids Cell mediated response Cytotoxic lymphocytes defend against infection in body cells 1 Phagocytic white blood cells Recognize and destroy sets of pathogens by recognizing molecules on the molecules on the surface of these pathogens Receptors on white blood cells called toll like receptors TLR o Understand how skin and mucous secretions work as barrier defenses o Skin is tough waterproof o Secretions from sweat glands are acidic and toxic to fungi Know that internal defenses are of four types 1 phagocytic white blood cells 2 antimicrobial peptides and proteins 3 the inflammatory response and 4 natural killer cells Understand how each of these defenses work and know the major biological components of each o 1 Phagocytic white blood cells recognize and destroy sets of pathogens by recognizing molecules on the surface of these pathogens Receptors on white blood cells are called toll like receptors give white blood cells innate ability to recognize foreign invaders Include Neutrophils microphages and eosinophyls Recommended Problems http www masteringbio com site Chapter 43 Practice Test Problems 1 12 with the exception of 4 1 Which of the following is a characteristic of acquired immunity Overview It is found only in invertebrates Responses are the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously Responses are active immediately upon infection It is common to all animals It has the ability to detect pathogens with tremendous specificity 2 In humans the first line of defense against infection is Overview the skin and mucous membranes the inflammatory response the immune system antibiotics disinfectants 3 Phagocytosis is best defined as Concept 43 1 the ingestion and digestion of bacteria and other foreign substances the process by which a cell engulfs and takes up a liquid the movement of cytoplasm into an extended pseudopodium
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