Bio Study Guide I Chapter 1 a Key Concept 1 The study that life reveals common themes i Evolution process of change that has transformed life on earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of living organisms today ii Biology this scientific study of life iii Unifying themes 1 Organization 2 Information 3 Energy and matter 4 Interactions 5 Evolutions iv Levels of biological organization a The biosphere b Ecosystems c Communities d Populations e Organisms f Organs and organ systems g Tissues h Cells i Organelles j Molecules v Reductionism zooming in at ever finer resolution reduces complex systems to similar components that are more manageable to study vi Emergent properties when zooming out of something at the molecular level one begins to see novel properties emerge at each greater level which were absent in the preceding level These emergent properties are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases 1 Ex A box of bicycle parts wont get you anywhere but if you arrange them I a certain way you can pedal vii Systems biology the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts 1 Ex Ask questions like how a drug that lowers blood pressure affects the functioning of organs throughout the human body viii Prokaryotic no nucleus the cells of two groups of single celled microorganisms 1 Bacteria singular bacterium 2 Archaea singular archaean ix Eukaryotic membrane enclosed organelles x DNA deoxyribonucleic acid genetic material xi Genes units of inheritance xii ATCG 4 kinds of chemical building blocks double helix xiii Genes control protein production indirectly using a related molecule called RNA as an intermediary xiv RNA amino acids xv Gene expression the entire process by which information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product xvi Genome library of genetic instructions that an organism xvii Genomics study whole sets of genes or other DNA in one or xviii Proteomics the study of sets of proteins and their properties xix Proteome entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell or xx Producers photosynthetic organisms xxi Consumers organisms animals that feed on producers and other xxii Feedback regulation the output or product of a process regulates that very process xxiii Negative feedback a loop in which the response reduces the inherits more species group consumers xxiv Positive feedback an end product speeds up its own production b Key concept 2 The Core Theme Evolution accounts for the unity and initial stimulus 1 Insulin signaling 1 Blood clotting diversity of life i Three domains of life 1 Domain Bacteria 2 Domain Archaea 3 Domain Eukarya a Kingdom Plantae b Kingdom Fungi c Kingdom Animalia d Protists ii Natural selection the natural environment selects for the propagation of certain traits among naturally occurring variant traits in the population c Key Concept 3 In studying nature scientist make observations and form a test hypotheses i Inquiry a search for information and explanations of natural phenomena ii Data recorded observations iii Qualitative descriptive data iv Quantitative numerical data v Inductive reasoning derive generalizations from a large number of specific observations vi Hypothesis a tentative answer to a well framed question vii Experiment scientific test carried out under controlled conditions viii Deductive reasoning from general premises extrapolate to the specific results we should expect if the premises are true ix Control group experimental group x Variables factors of vary in the experiment xi Controlled experiment one that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group Independent variable manipulated by researchers xii xiii Dependent variable measured in experiment d Concept 4 Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoint i Model organism a species that is easy to grow in the lab and lends itself particularly well to the questions being investigated II Chapter 2 a Key Concept 1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds i Matter anything that takes up space and has mass ii Element substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions 1 92 elements 2 Ex Na and Cl are two different elements iii Compound substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio 1 Ex NaCl is a compound iv The four elements that make up 96 of living matter 1 Oxygen O 65 2 Carbon C 18 5 3 Hydrogen H 9 5 4 Nitrogen N 3 3 life and reproduce quantities v Essential elements elements an organism needs to live a healthy vi Trace elements elements required by an organism in only minute 1 Ex In vertebrates the element Iodine I is an essential ingredient of a hormone produced by the thyroid gland A daily intake of 15mg of I is adequate for normal activity of the human thyroid a Goiter when the thyroid gland grows to abnormal size due to an iodine deficiency in the diet b Key Concept 2 An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms i Atom smallest unity of matter ii In this simplified model the atomic structure can be understood more easily The electron is surrounding the nucleus iii Neutron no charge iv Proton positive charge v Electron negative charge vi Mass of proton and neutron 1 7x10 24 gram 1 Dalton vii Atomic number number of protons number of electrons viii Mass number number of protons neutrons ix Atomic mass approx of the total mass of an atom 1 Ex The atomic mass of sodium is 23 Daltons although more precisely it is 22 9898 Daltons x How to determine number of neutrons of atomic mass 1 Find atomic number number of protons 2 Atomic mass number of protons number of neutrons Isotope different atomic forms of the same element xi xii How are 2 isotopes of the same element similar 1 The isotopes have the same number of protons or they wouldn t be that element 2 They behave identically in chemical reactions xiii Radioactive isotope an isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy 1 When radioactive decay leads to a change in the number of protons it turns into a different element a Ex 14C decays and becomes 14N xiv Half life the time it takes for 50 of the parent isotope to decay xv Radiometric dating scientists measure the ratio of different isotopes and calculate how many half lives in years have passed since an organism was fossilized or a rock was formed xvi Energy the capacity to cause change xvii
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