Chapter 4-Concept 4.2: Organic Chemical is study of CarbonVitalism idea that organic compounds arise only in organisms, was disprove when chemist synthesized those compoundsMechanism is the view that physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena. Experiments in organic chemistry caused shift from Vitalism to mechanism.1828 fredrich Wohler synthesized Urea from ammonium and cyante ions and cynate ions Herman Kolbe synthesized acetic acid from inorganic substances derived form elements.Stanly Miller’s classic experiment demonstrated the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds. Experiments support the idea that abiotic synthesis of organic compounds, perhaps near volcanoes, could have been a stage in the origin of life.-Concept 4.2: Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atomsCO2 O=C=OIs it organic? No because it does not have a hydrogen.-Molecular diversity arises from carbon skeleton skeleton Carbon chains form the skeleton of most organic molecules.-HydrocarbonsOnly carbon and hydrogenCan undergo reactions that release a lot of energyHydrocarbons are a major component of petroleum.-IsomersIsomers are compounds that have similar formulas but different structures.Structural Isomers: Different covalent arrangements (Branching our vs. not branching out)Cis-trans isomers: Same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements.Enantiomers: Mirror image.-EnantiomersThese are important because one form can be helpful vs. being dangerous.Variations show how sensitive organisms are to subtle variations in molecules.-Thalidomide1950’s-60’s to cure morning sickness.Mixture of two enantiomersOne cured morning sicknessThe other caused birth defects.Used to cure Myeloma (Non-Pregnant women)-Concept 4.3: Chemical GroupsDistinctive properties of organic molecules depend on the carbon skeleton and on the molecular components attached to it.Functional groups: Components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions.-7 Functional GroupsHydroxyl GroupForm hydrogen bonds with water to dissolve organic compoundsCarbonyl Group:Sugar, Aldose, KetoseAldehyde (Outside of molecule)Ketone (Inside of molecule)Carboxyl Group: Acts as an Acid gives away H+C-C-C=O(Acidic) -OHIf buffered at pH 7 (acts as an acid)C-C-C=O -O-Ester Group (Formed from Carboxylic Acid)C-C-C=O-O-RAmino Groups (Acts as a base, can pick up H+)C-NH2(Basic)C-NH3+(If buffered, Acidic)Sulfhydryl GroupC-S-H (Covalent bonds with another to stabilize proteins)Phosphate Group (Potential to react with water, release energy) (Acidic) (if buffered, acts as an acid)Methyl Group (Add to DNA, after its gene expression, arrangement of methyl groups is male and female sex hormones effects their shape and
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