Fall 2014 Marks BSC2010 Exam 2 Chapter 6 Tour of the Cell Understand the process of cell fractionation specifically focusing on how this technique has furthered our understanding of the structure of cells Cell fractionation takes cells apart and separates organelles The faster the centrifuge the more particles will be separated The larger the mass the easier to centrifuge Ribosomes are the smallest organelles hardest to centrifuge By separating organelles scientists are able to determine function of organelles Done by centrifuging Be able to compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells with respect to general structure and the presence and appearance of particular organelles Prokaryotic no internal membranes No nucleus DNA in unbound region nucleoid No membrane bound organelles Eukaryotic internal membranes Mitochondria Nucleus Endomembrane system Golgi apparatus ER Centrosomes Lysosomes BOTH Ribosomes Chromosomes Plasma membrane surrounding the outside Cytosol cytoplasm Be able to identify the different organelles of eukaryotic cells and understand the general function of each organelle The specifically includes the nucleus ribosomes the smooth ER rough ER Golgi lysosomes mitochondria chloroplasts and centrosomes Nucleus Holds Majority of DNA Covered by nuclear envelope Double phospholipid bilayer Attached to ER Ribosomes Sites of protein synthesis Combination of RNA and proteins Free ribosomes found in cytosol cytoplasm Bound ribosomes found attached to outside of rough ER ER Endoplasmic reticulum Smooth ER No ribosomes attached Detoxifies poisons and drugs Synthesizes lipids Metabolizes carbs Stores calcium ions Rouch ER Site of cellular respiration Forms the ATP Smooth intermembrane space and folded cristae into mitochondrial matrix Produces membrane associated proteins Distributes transport vesicles membrane factory for cell ribosomes attached to outside Golgi Apparatus Receives transport vesicles from rough ER Consists of cisternae flattened membranous sacs modifies products from ER proteins manufactures macromolecules sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles Mitochondira Lysosomes Digestive compartment Hydrolizes the 4 macromolecules Lipids Proteins Carbs Nucleic acids Contains lysosomic enzymes that are acidic Engulfs in phagocytosis to break down foods Chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis in plants and algae Contain chlorophyll which is what makes plants green Contains enzymes as well to use in photosynthesis Thylakoids stacked sacs which form a granum Stoma empty space around granum Understand the significance of the cellular cytoskeleton and identify the functions of the cell which depend on cytoskeletal components Cytoskeleton organizes the cells structures and functions anchors down organelles 3 structures microtubules microfilaments intermediate filaments know the structure on function of microtubules and the motor proteins associated with movement along microtubules microtubules provide structure for the cell made of tubulin motor protein dynein kinesin flagella cilia vesicle organelle movement microfilaments made of actin motor protein myesin form cellular cortex know the structure and function of microfilaments and the motor proteins associated with movement along microfilaments involved in changes in shape of the cell membrance pseudopodia false feet phagocytosis muscle contractions Chapter 7 Membrane Structure and Function Understand the nature of cellular membranes Semipermeable fluid boundary composed of lipids and proteins Phospholipids are amphipathic which allows movement of the membrane Variables can affect fluidity Cholesterol Acts as a buffer for temperature At warm temps 35C cholesterol reduces fluidity At colder temp prevents tight packing increases fluidity Unsaturated fatty acids make the membrane more fluid Proteins determine membrane function while lipids give membrane its shape Integral proteins span membrane very complex Amphipathic aka transmembrane proteins Peripheral proteins bound to the integral proteins and inside of the cell serve as a link to outside world Functions of proteins Transport Enzymatic activity Cell cell recognition Transduction Signaling molecules Intercellular joining Muscle cells and actin microfilaments Connections from cell to extracellular matrix Attaching to cytoskeleton Glycoproteins Used in cell cell recognition Ex HIV virus and cells Glycoproteins CD4 and CCR5 must have both to be infected with HIV What are the properties of the molecules of a membrane and how does that affect membrane and cellular function Know how different molecules can cross a cellular plasma membrane What molecules can pass right through and why Hydrophobic nonpolar molecules can pass right through Bc the central region of the membrane is also hydrophobic What molecules can pass through with the help of membrane proteins but without the expenditure of energy and how does this happen Polar molecules and ions are able to pass through due to the help of membrane proteins in facilitated diffusion What molecules require the expenditure of energy to cross the membrane and how does a cell achieve this Molecules that require energy to cross the membrane of a cell are those that are defying their concentration gradient This is done through active transport Understand the impact that solutions of different tonicity have on cells be able to describe the direction of osmosis for a cell in different solutions Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic Equal concentration of solutes inside and outside of the cell Concentration of solutes is greater inside than outside the cell this causes the cell to take in more water and swell can lead to turgid plant cells and lysed red blood cells concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than in the cell causes the water inside the cell to flow outside making the cell shrink can lead to shriveling up of animal cells and death of plant cells Thoroughly understand the concepts involved in co transport and how those concepts apply to both cellular respiration and photosynthesis Cotransport is when active transport indirectly drives the facilitated diffusion of another molecule Part 1 pushing of ions out of cell to create potential energy Part 2 using potential energy to bring another molecule back inside the cell along with original ions against its concentration gradient Cotransport in cellular respirations and photosynthesis Electron transport chain Know the different mechanisms for bulk transport
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