Exam 4 Study Guide Lecture 29 Intro to Physiology and the Circulatory System Understand that diffusion is the major mechanism for the movement of substances in organisms that diffusion rate is a function of surface area and the distance over which diffusion must occur That a circulatory system is required for delivery of nutrients and removal of wastes whenever cells are more than 1 mm from an external surface Diffusion is a major mechanism for the movement of chemicals in a liquid surrounding organisms and inside of organisms Large Multicellular Animals rely on Pumping Systems to deliver nutrients and take away wastes this is because they have a larger area and distance to travel so a circulatory system is required to ensure nutrients are delivered everywhere and wastes can exit Circulatory System delivers nutrients to all the cells and removes wastes Food O2 and water must be transported in Wastes and CO2 must be transported out Distance Effective diffusion distance for organisms is 1 mm TRANSPORT IS A KEY PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS The rate of diffusion area x concentration gradient Know the difference in structure between open and closed circulatory systems Open System Fluid Hemolymph interstitial fluid is not always enclosed Closed System Blood remains enclosed in blood vessels veins capillaries arteries the heart Know the meaning of the terms hemolymph interstitial fluid and blood Hemolymph is a fluid like blood in other organisms that circulates in the interior of the arthropod body remaining in direct contact with the animal s tissues It is composed of fluid plasma in which hemolymph cells called hemocytes are suspended Interstitial Fluid or tissue fluid is a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals It is the main component of the extracellular fluid which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid Blood liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of humans and other vertebrate animals carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body Know that transport in the vertebrate circulatory system is pressure driven and Blood Flow P R understand the relationship between flow rate pressure and resistance P is the pressure difference between two points Resistance increases with decreasing diameter of the vessels Know the organization of the circulatory systems with two three and four chambered hearts which vertebrate groups have which and how the three and the four chambered hearts increased efficiency of the circulatory system Two chambers atrium ventricle Three Chambers left and right atrium one ventricle Four Chambers two atria and two ventricles Know the parts of the mammalian heart and the pattern of blood flow in our circulatory system Blood flow within the heart The heart has valves to prevent the backflow of blood between contractions Left Atrium Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps blood into the left ventricle Left Ventricle Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps blood to the Aorta which disburses the oxygenated blood to all the tissues in the body Anterior Vena Cava Receives deoxygenated blood that had circulated the body and pumps blood into the right atrium Right Atrium The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the anterior vena cave and pumps it into the right ventricle Right Ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary arteries Pulmonary Artery receives deoxygenated blood form the right ventricle and delivers it to the lungs to become oxygenated Veins always bring blood INTO the heart Arteries always bring blood OUT of the heart Know the contraction pattern and be able to correctly use the terms diastole and systole Know the function of the sinoatrial node pacemaker region and the AV atrioventricular node in controlling heart contraction Diastole relaxation Systole contraction Cardiac Cycle is controlled by electrical signals originating in the sinoatrial node pacemaker region The signal is conducted through the atria to the ventricles and stimulates contraction Know the differences in structure between arteries and veins the difference in hydrostatic pressure in arteries and veins and the mechanism of blood flow in the veins Understand the mechanism of fluid transfer between the capillaries and our body tissues Fluid flows out from the capillaries and back in from the tissues Arteries have narrow diameters and thick muscular walls carry the blood under high pressure to the capillaries Veins are larger in diameter and carry blood under low pressure Veins have valves to prevent backflow Movement of blood through the veins is assisted by action of the skeletal muscles and the presence of valves Fluid transfer Transfer of nutrients from the blood to the interstitial fluid is pressure driven Fluid moves between the cells lining the capillary Cells and proteins are held back in the blood Movement of Fluid out of the capillaries is driven by hydrostatic pressure Movement back into the capillaries is driven by osmotic pressure Interstitial fluid and blood have the same ion concentrations but blood has a high concentration of proteins Lecture 30 Gas Exchange Know the Types of cells found in our blood and what their main functions are Cell types Erythrocytes red blood cells 5 6 million of them Transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide Leukocytes white blood cells 5k 10k of them Defense and immunity basophil neutrophil eosinophil lymphocyte monocyte Platelets 250k 450k of them Blood clotting Gas exchange involves uptake of O2 and release of CO2 Respiration requires a large surface area because O2 is not very soluble in water aquatic animals require particularly large gill surface areas Be able to describe the countercurrent exchange system used in the gills of fish to maximize diffusion of O2 from the water into the capillaries The water flows between the lamellae Blood flows through the capillaries in the lamella in the opposite direction of the water The oxygenated water will diffuse into the blood The blood enters the lamella deoxygenated and leaves oxygenated Know the parts of the mammalian respiratory system trachea lungs bronchi bronchioles alveoli Understand how inhalation is driven by negative pressure generated by the diaphragm and rib muscles Inhalation Air inhaled Diaphragm contracts moves down Rib cage muscles contract Ribcage moves up and out Volume increases Pressure drops below atmospheric pressure Air flows
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