Mosque in Manhattan in Upper East Side largest mosque in Manhattan bulk of funds donated by Kuwait after the first Gulf War in an expression of gratitude Mosques in America generally face North East to face Mecca shortest route around a sphere Who are the American Muslims not completely accurate somewhere around 5 10 million large communities in Michigan and Chicago suburbs with the Nation of Islam Malcolm X African American 42 mostly Sunni Muslims not involved South Asian 24 4 Arabs 12 4 Most Arab Americans are Christian African 5 2 Somali refugees Iranian 3 6 especially after revolution in 1979 Turkish 2 4 Southeast Asians 2 White American converts 1 6 tends to be more females Other 6 4 than male Prominent American Muslims Today most Imams must be brought from overseas because there is little training for Imams in the U S Shaykh Hamza Yusuf studied classical Islam in Mauritania Shaykh Zayd Shakir studied classical Islam in Syria Traditionist Camp Traditionist Camp not reformers but trying to translate traditional Islam into a way that can be understood by youth stress Sufi mystical side of Islam based in California Zaytuna Institute Professor Seyyed Hossein Nasr family claims descent from one of the twelve Shi i Imams Engaged in Shi i philosophical tradition Tries to bring the spiritual artistic side of Islam forward Professor Sherman Jackson Islam and the Blackamerican teaches Islamic law and Islamic thought Professor Amina Wadud led a Muslim community in prayer Qur an and Woman argues for a more egalitarian unrestricted reading in the Qur an in gender roles Professor Khaled Abou El Fadl Egyptian American at UCLA studied traditionally in Egypt dissects reasoning in many rulings of the Council of Religious Scholars in Saudi Arabia regarding gender inequality Asra Nomani Pakistani American calling for equal treatment Michael Wolfe promotes the gentler side of Islam of men and woman in Mosques African Americans and Islam gold Islam in Africa indigenous African groups founded these and Islam spread among the population o Ghana conquered by Muslims in 1073 Ghana had lots of o Kingdom of Mali c 1230 1600 o Songhai c 1450 1600 o Sokoto Caliphate in northern Nigeria c 1800 1900 o Tijaniyya Sufi Order vs French Colonialism Backbone of the resistance movement Earlier example 1830s and 1840s a Sufi master lead the resistance against the French 10 20 of African slaves brought to America were probably Arab and South Asians are primarily recent immigrant Muslim Muslims in America but African Americans were generally here and Muslim for much longer but no institutionalized Islam in America until the 1900s Early African American Islamic Movements Moorish Science Temple o Noble Drew Ali murdered 1920 o 15 Temples today o Not generally regarded as true Islam fusing Christianity and Islam to a degree Moorish related to Northwest Africa o Response to American racism rejected integration wanted African American communities to remain independently strong Ahmadiyya began in India Pakistan leader claimed to be a prophet first Muslim group from outside the US that tried to get converts successful in and focused on converting African Americans Shaykh Dauod Ahmed Faisal d 1980 o Islamic Mission of America Sunni not very successful not much influence Nation of Islam NOI o Elijah Muhammad and Wallace D Fard 1930 3 Elijah claimed to be a prophet Wallace D Fard claimed to be G d in person Wallace D Fard gave Elijah Muhammad his ideas o Allah is a Black Man o Yacub creator of the white blue eyed devils mad scientist like character decided to create white people to trick black people righteousness o Nation of Islam was united under blackness Islam Detroit Red in Harlem Omaha Lansing Boston 1946 Convicted and sent to prison 1948 Converted to Nation of Islam became a leading spokesman Preacher Malcolm and the growth of the Nation of Islam probably the greatest orator of the Nation of Islam There was a lot of tension between Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X because Malcolm X was a better speaker and interviewed more often A lot more tension resulted after John F Kennedy was assassinated because Elijah Muhammad told Malcolm X to say nothing about it and Malcolm said that the assassination was o The chickens are coming home to roost If America is going to be so violent to the rest of the world you should expect some violence Not a good time to say that Pilgrimage to Mecca and world tour o Pg 370 373 in Biography of Malcolm X o Brought Muhammad to see actual Islam and the difference between the Nation of Islam Malcolm X 1925 1965 Break with the Nation of Islam March 12 1964 Human rights vs civil rights shift from civil rights to human rights civil rights are more focused on your state country while human rights is a worldwide responsibility Malcolm X wanted to bring American segregation to the United Nations for trial Assassinated February 21 1965 assassinated by members of the Nation of Islam big stain on the Nation of Islam s reputation America and Islam Saudi Arabia monarchy The Later Cold War 1975 1989 After Vietnam CIA and Covert Operation o Plausible deniability o Public is generally unaware Good Regimes Saudi Arabia Egypt Jordan Morocco Shah of Iran Turkey Indonesia Iraq under Saddam Hussein Pakistan Afghani Mujahideen most extreme Jihadists Bad Regimes Organizations Syria Libya Iran after 1979 Palestinian Liberation Organization Problems in both Good and Bad Muslim majority States Lack of democracy kings and dictators Flagrant human rights abuses Massive corruption Radicalization of Islam and Islamic Groups o Torture After the Cold War 1990 to 11 September 2001 o CIA ISI Secret Services of Pakistan Saudi Arabia and Afghan Arabs vs USSR Drug Trade and Drug Lords o No local production of heroin in Afghanistan Pakistan 71 of worlds opium by the time of the Soviet o Gulbuddin Hikmatyar of CIA funding oversaw six prior to 1979 retreat heroin factories on Afghani Pakistani border brutal drug lord Unfettered US support for Muslim dictators and kings Civil war in Afghanistan between Mujahideen leaders drug pipeline through Afghanistan lords Taliban supported strongly Pakistan restore security but shelters al Qaeda o US supports Taliban originally because of the massive Iraq Invades Kuwait US destroys Iraqi civilian infrastructure then United Nations imposes crippling sanctions difficult to rebuild and an international no fly zone medicines were prohibited from entering Iraq for a while o First Gulf War o Madrid