Final Exam Review Terms 10 09 2013 Qadar Sunni vs Mu tazili opinions o Sunni Most Sunnis believe that G d has created all of our actions Something with a beginning and end actions must have been created by G d Human beings don t create actions but acquire responsibility for it Sunnis basically believe in some sort of predeterminism o Mu tazili school of theology We have complete free will and create our own actions Shari a Shari a lit the path theoretical Islamic DIVINE law not located in any single book or scholar o Nowadays this refers to actual Islamic law as well as the Divine law but not equating the two Fiqh literally understanding comprehending human beings efforts to understand Divine Laws Shari a Ijtihad Mujtahid an individual who exerts their most religious effort to come up with laws Ijtihad exertion striving thorough examination of the legal sources Independent opinion o Ijtihad view of advanced Jurists figuring out which opinion of your own school was the most best opinion Modern reform critique etc Haram Halal o The lawful halal and the unlawful haram Halal permitted Very explicit and clear Haram unlawful forbidden Very explicit and clear Zaydi Imam Zaydi Shi ism 8th Imam o Concept of Imam High points Scholar warrior descendent of Hasan or Husayn possible to have zero one or more than one imam at a time Scholar warrior Must be an adult able to lead the army Must have already studied with other scholars and been published Any male descendent of Hasan of Husayn through Fatima and Ali and then to Muhammad descendent of Muhammad NOT the Qur aysh must actually be a descendent of Muhammad Multiple Imams can exist simultaneously Big Zaydi communities in Yemen and Iran far away from each other Not necessary for there to be an Imam at all times 1962 last Imam killed in a coup in Yemen o Designation nass from Isma il b Ja far each Imam clearly designated his successor before he Isma ili Imam died o Hidden For a couple centuries Also adopted by Imami Twelvers Always must be an Imam so sometimes the Imam is just hiding o Perfect knowledge infallible G d left the community with a guide after Muhammad died Only one Imam at a time so only one opinion but still must be exactly one Imam at all times nass father to son clearly designate the next Imami Shi i Imam o Designation Imam o Special knowledge all the Imams are given special knowledge o Only Twelve Imams determined by G d o Twelfth Imam Mahdi in Occultation will come back and restore justice Few people saw this Imam went into hiding after the 11th Imams death o Quietist apolitical three exceptions Ja far al Sadiq didn t want to rule a large empire refrained from joining the revolt o Necessary for Muslims to recognize the Imam of the age in order to be a full believer one must believe in and recognize in the Imam Every Muslim has a responsibility to find the Imam and give loyalty to this Imam o Twelfth Imam Mahdi in Occultation will come back and restore justice Few people saw this Imam went into hiding after the 11th Imams death o Master Guide Shaykh or Pir head of a tribe or a religious Mahdi Shaykh cleric o Most Sufis say that you need someone who has traveled a path before you go on the path it is a rough difficult path Must have total obedience for the master no questioning Dhikr Sufi thing o Literally remembrance recollection Means that you repeat a certain pious word There is no god but G d etc or short expression Helpful for getting beyond the focus of oneself Wali Baraka Sufi thing o Wali Friend of G d or Saint blessing baraka o Baraka If people thing someone is a Saint they are a Saint don t need to be at a particular status o Wali blessing bounty bestowed on them by G d sometimes comes as clairvoyance talking to animals etc or power within a kingdom Nafs the ego in Sufism or the just the self in mainstream o Whoever knows himself his self nafs knows his Lord o If one has polished one s mirror so you can see into your self fully you can know G d directly o Sufism nafs the animal part of the soul the ego Maghreb part of the Arab World a region in North Africa or just the o The region has the following countries in it Morocco Algeria West Tunisia Balfour Declaration o Great Britain Palestine Jordan Iraq Balfour Declaration 1917 His Majesty s Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non Jewish communities in Palestine or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country o Basically Britain was in control of the Palestinian Mandate and promised the Jews a national home in that area caused an Arab uproar Islamism contemporary term talking about extremist Muslims o Goal is to have a state totally run by Islam utopian vision where all problems will disappear People Adud al Din al Iji Adud al Dun al Iji d 1355 Iran was still Sunni until 1500 s of Shiraz in Iran Had a creed about G d basically G d is perfect and has no body Abu Hanifa founded the Hanif school of LAW d 767 o Hanafis generally don t use hadith take companions of Muhammad s opinions to be almost as good as Muhammad now around Egypt Malik Founded the Maliki school of LAW d 795 o Malikis Malik lived in Medina practice of Medinans came to be regarded as similar to or the same as those of Muhammad but Shafi i stressed the need of Hadith West and North Africa al Shafi i founded Shafi i school of LAW d 820 o Shafi is Prophetic deeds are the ONLY way of accessing Muhammad s Sunna school took root in Egypt Father of Islamic Jurists Prudence student of Malik four sources of law established a fixed methodology for the law schools Qur an focuses more on moral guidance for good behavior without talking about what is bad Sunna of the Prophet covered more topics than the Qur an Analogical reasoning most Islamic laws details come from on the basis of similar rules described in the Qur an or in a story Witnesses required for adultery wills financial transactions divorce but not specified for murder etc but now needed for murder etc Consensus ijma Who needs to agree few rules come by consensus generally regarded almost as strong as revealed texts generally top few jurists Majority opinion of everyone in the community but ended up becoming just the top scholars and jurists Credited with creating the Sunna and