Trad 101: Languages and Culturesof East AsiaPhonology (cont.)Phonemes and AllophonesWhat is a phoneme? What is an allophone?A phoneme is a minimal unit of sound that serves to distinguish meaning between words.An allophone is a different phonetic realization of a phonemePhonemes and Allophones Review: Here we have the phoneme /t/ and its allophones [th], [t], [ɾ], and [ʔ]Let's do a phonology problemWhat do we need to know in order to determine if we have phonemes or allophones?Look at the distribution of the sounds. Do they occur in contrastive or complementary distribution?Contrastive = they occur in the same environment; a minimal pair can be foundComplementary = they do not occur in the same environments; one (or more) only occurs in predictable environments (Superman & Clark Kent)Let's do a phonology problemWhat do we need to know in order to determine if we have phonemes or allophones?Look at the distribution of the sounds. Do they occur in contrastive or complementary distribution?−Contrastive = they occur in the same environment; a minimal pair can be found PHONEMES−Complementary = they do not occur in the same environments; one (or more) only occurs in predictable environments ALLOPHONESLet's do another phonology problemWhen looking at problems, follow these steps:Step 1: State their distribution Step 2: Decide if they are phonemes or allophones. If they are phonemes, you can stop here. If they are allophones, go to step 3. Step 3: Make generalizations about the environments where the sounds occur. Step 4: Designate one as the phoneme. Step 5: Rewrite the data phonemically.Let's do another phonology problemHere are some data from Spanish. Here you should consider the sounds [d] and [ð]:Let's do another phonology problemStep 1: What is the distribution of [d] and [ð]?Let's do another phonology problemStep 1: What is the distribution of [d] and [ð]?[d] [ð]#_r a_a#_o a_o#_i o_in_a i_al_o#_ul_aLet's do another phonology problemStep 2: Decide if [d] and [ð] are separate phonemes or allophones of the same phonemes. Are they in contrastive or complimentary distribution?[d] [ð]#_r a_a#_o a_o#_i o_in_a i_al_o#_ul_aLet's do another phonology problem Step 3: Make generalizations about the environments where the sounds occur.[d] [ð]#_r a_a#_o a_o#_i o_in_a i_al_o#_ul_aLet's do another phonology problem Step 3: Make generalizations about the environments where the sounds occur.[d] [ð]#_r a_a#_o a_o#_i o_in_a i_al_o in between vowels#_ul_aelsewhereLet's do another phonology problemStep 4: Designate one as the phoneme. [d] [ð]#_r a_a#_o a_o#_i o_in_a i_al_o in between vowels#_ul_aelsewhereLet's do another phonology problemStep 4: Designate one as the phoneme. /d/[ð] [d]in between vowels elsewhereLet's do another phonology problem Step 5: Rewrite the data phonemically.Let's do another phonology problem Step 5: Rewrite the data phonemically.1) /drama/ 4) /kada/Phonological RulesPhonological rulesPhonological RulesPhonological rulesSound changes that occur in languagesPhonological RulesAssimilation: a sound takes on the features of a neighboring sound (or neighboring sounds) The high vowels in Mokilese become devoiced between voiceless consonants. The voiceless feature of the consonants spreads to the vowel and the vowel assimilates: it changes from voiced to devoiced.English examples: http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.htmlPhonological RulesDissimilation: a sound loses its features because of neighboring sound (or neighboring sounds) English examples: http://barelybad.com/words1.htmIn Greek, a stop becomes a fricative when followed by another stop:/epta/ 'seven' > [efta]/ktizma/ 'building' > [xtisma]Phonological RulesPalatalization: the place of articulation changes and a consonant becomes palatalizedIn Japanese, /t/ becomes [ʧ] when followed by the high front vowel /i//ti/ 'blood' > [ʧi]In Shuri (Standard Okinawan) /t/ and /k/ become palatalized in the same environment/ki/ 'spirit' > [ʧi]Phonological RulesInsertion: a sound is insertedEnglish inserts consonants between nasals and voiceless fricatives /hæmstr/ > [hæmpstr]Phonological RulesDeletion: a sound is deleted/h/ is deleted in English in unstressed syllablesrapid speechPhonological RulesMetathesis: sounds are switchedThink of kids who say “chicken” instead of “kitchen”; aminal;