Back to the Beginning Succession dispute after Muhammad o The Helpers Divided rule The Helpers didn t know who could take control after Muhammad o For whomever I have a been a protector Ali is his protector Ghadir Khumm Word used for protector can mean master In Shi ite and Sunni sources protector etc Sunnis If Muhammad helped you then Ali Shi i Muhammad wanted Ali to lead the o Abu Bakr and Umar Caliphs can come from Quraysh can help you Muslim community only Helpers can t be leaders This idea prevailed Abu Bakr 632 634 o Apostasy wars If people separated the law to give the alms tax and prayer then they could be fought Now not a thing that can really make you appear as though you were leaving the religion Fought several people claiming to be prophets Expanded into the broader Middle East Gave the armies experience to go expand further o Ali and Fatimah weren t there to give the oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr but after a few months Ali eventually gave the oath of allegiance Umar 634 644 o Conquests of Syria Egypt Iraq Iran Byzantines ruled Syria and Egypt and capital in Persian dynasty Sucanids ruled Iran and Iraq Constantinople Uthman 644 656 o Clearly appointed by Abu Bakr to rule o Umar killed by a non Muslims 644 Lived for a few days in time to appoint six senior o Election of Uthman early convert to Islam came from companions to decide and on the next Caliph a powerful clan of Quraysh married two of Muhammad s daughters Six senior companions of Quraysh including Ali and Uthman o Codification of the Qur an Made sure the text was written down and o Discontent and Mutiny nepotism Promoted many of his family members to high distributed position he was related Egyptian delegation supposedly intercepted a Made a drunkard poet a governor to whom Disputes about how the wealth would be properly disputed Uthman refused to step down despite the great discontent messenger that said to kill the rebels delegation the Egyptians went back and besieged Medina all the troops were out in Persia Uthman was murdered and the Egyptians wanted Ali to become Caliph Many of the Medinans did not accept Ali because Uthman was assassinated by Muslims and some of the senior companions go to Syria o Assassination by Muslims o Where was Ali The First Civil War fitna Ali s oath of allegiance Battle of the Camel 656 Ali vs A isha Talha and Zubayr Prestigious Companions in Syria o Set out to Basra to try to reorganize the way the Caliph o Ali s army defeated them and Talha and Zubayr were was selected killed A isha was not killed though Siffin 657 Ali vs Mu awiya o Mu awiya was the son of the leader of the Quraysh that opposed Muhammad The leaders of the invasion of Syria and governor of Syria o Neither side wanted to fight o Syrians put copies of the Qur an on their spears and said lets arbitrate by the book o Mu awiya wanted the killers of Uthman and Ali wanted Mu awiya to pledge allegiance first Split up Ali s camp Arbitration Kharijites A grave sinner is a disbeliever new theological idea now really rejected o Ali had committed a major sin by not pursuing the bitter o They thought Ali was no longer a Muslim and not a good end of the Syrian war ruler Ali murdered in 661 by a Kharijite tried to kill Mu awiya but was intercepted Mu awiya 661 680 Foundation of the Umayyad Caliphate o Mu awiya was credited with starting the Umayyad dynasty and establishing hereditary rule Makes peace with Hasan b Ali 661 o Ali s son less militarily ambitious than Husayn Recognized Mu awiya as a caliph poisoned several years later Siege of Constantinople and minor conquests Appointed Yazid as successor o Outbreak of second civil war because turned the Caliphate into hereditary rule First four Caliphs belonged to different branches clans of the Quraysh this made the Umayyad clan the dominant clan o Revolt of Husayn b Ali in 860 Karbala Husayn felt he was the rightful ruler of Islam Kuffids didn t support Husayn like they promised and he died Muslims failed to protect the son of Ali Husayn s followers except a few women and children sons of Husayn were killed by Yazid Shi ism the community going awry Sunni just a minor travesty o Revolt of Ibn Zubayr in Mecca and Medina Lasted until 692 Had claims to be a Caliph was a Quraysh o Yazid dies in 683 The Umayyads Reloaded Umayyad caliph Marwan takes charge of Syria and Egypt 684 Ibn Zubayr secures Hijaz and Iraq A special Shi I revolt in Kufa Kharijites all over Eastern Arabia Abd al Malik b Marwan becomes next Umayyad caliph 685 o Retakes Iraq 691 o Retakes Mecca and kills Ibn Zubayr 692 o Second Civil War ends Islamic Conquests Round Two Walid b Abd al Malik 705 715 o Central Asia Bukhara Samarqand o Indus Valley modern Pakistan o Tangier modern Morocco o Iberia al Andalus modern Spain and Portugal External threats didn t threaten central Arabia Legacies of the Umayyads Muslim Political rule from Spain to Central Asia Caliphate as a political ideal hereditary rule one ruler for the entire Muslim world next comes the Abbasids Islam as a state religion the state is responsible for building mosques appointing judges protecting pilgrims State doesn t determine what the religion actually is Shi a roots of Shi ism The mainstream went awry Ali should have ruled from the beginning Husayn should not have been killed Arabic Arabic is the preeminent cultural language Minority opposition in favor of Ali s descendents become Arabic culture and administration books politics etc in Tolerance of non Muslim minorities If you paid your taxes and didn t revolt you could practice whatever religion you wanted 10 1 09 632 661 Brightly guided Caliphs Muslim slavery vs American slavery before the Civil War Slaves of Muslims had more rights If a female slave was impregnated then she is basically free Generally slaves of Muslims were part of the household in terms of good deeds and devotion worship slaves were equal to their masters Islamic Conquests conquests Spread of the early Islamic states not necessarily conversion Quraysh of Mecca and the Helpers of Medina fought in 1st conquest was 632 645 took over much of Arabia Started with Abu Bakr the Apostasy false prophets Wars 633 four armies dispatched to Syria took over key towns Gaza Damascus by 648 Syria and Jerusalem were firmly under Muslim hands Umar Sent men to Iraq and continued to Iran and Azerbaijan Then sent soldiers to Egypt and took over Alexandria in 642 Secondary conquests interrupted by 1st civil war went to Iran took a long time to get