Monday continued from last week Informal Prayers and Blessings can be done in any language Supplication du a Blessings upon the Prophet Muhammad o Sunni May G d s blessing and peace be upon him still has much reverence for Muhammad s family Shi i May G d s blessing and peace be upon him and his family emphasis on Muhammad s family is much more important Blessings upon Prophets Peace be upon him Blessings upon the Imams Shi a only supreme spiritual leader Blessings upon the Companions of the Prophet Sunnis only o Peace be upon him o May G d be pleased with him her Sunnis revere Shi a range from ambivalent to dislike Popular Muslim Expressions relatively universal to Muslims regardless of primary language o wa alaykum as salam and peace upon you as salam alaykum Peace be upon you al hamdu lillah all praise belongs to G d bismillah In the name of G d ma sha allah What G d wills happens G d made you in this Allahu akbar G d is the Greatest in sha allah If G d wills then it will happen wonderful way instead of praising the individual New stuff Pre Islamic Arabia No non Muslim sources of Muhammad s life no proof of any of his actions coins etc but there is proof of existence of the First Caliph first dynasty of Islam Hadith literature is the oral tradition and it was later written into a narrative Sources of Arabian Peninsula at this time is scarce Pastoral Nomads and farmers limited agriculture Tribes 6th century century before Islam rose there was some Role of the tribal chief Shaykh agreed on by leading tribal Raids ghazw Violent people sometimes killed but still form of Arabic in existence members the chiefs were the conflict resolvers somewhat a sport you would steal a neighbors sheep women etc and to humiliate them in poetry No central government in Arabia Poetry Primary cultural expression portable Koran is prose not poetry Period before Islam is generally called The Age of Ignorance but probably refers to Reflexive Retaliation blood feuds larger scale retaliation honor blood feuds Mecca trade city had little water little if any agriculture etc Honor Courage and Generosity Supposedly Adam built the Ka ba destroyed after the great flood rebuilt by Abraham and Ishmael Became a center of polytheism great for business got many tribes to go to the city to trade and be taxed Judaism only Muslim stories about the Jews and Christians in this area so not a backed up story that they were actually there Christianity Christian sects who were persecuted probably moved here Polytheism and Pilgrimage different tribe probably had a few idols Pilgrimage was important to the polytheists Hanif people mysterious group of people know little about them appear to be monotheists think they are following the religion of Abraham which is odd because Jews Christians and Muslims all claim to be following the religion of Abraham Muhammad b Abd Allah b Abd al Muttalib Muhammad was o Banu Hashim of the Quraysh Quraysh rule Mecca and Meccan Islam note b means son of born of an orphan raised by his grandfather Religions of the Arabs political leaders of Mecca must be of this clan Recite Sura 96 1 5 of the Koran Muhammad went on a series of spiritual retreats around age 40 one time he was supposedly told by an angel to Recite Muhammad s wife and her cousin affirmed that Muhammad had a genuine prophetic experience angel Gabriel came to him Led to a period of 22 years of revelations Most Muslims believe that Muhammad was given the Koran by G d and some of his followers after his death wrote it down Khadija Muhammad s first wife did not marry other women while married to her First convert to Islam Muhammad s employer before they got married Only wife to bear children only important one is Fatimah Abu Bakr sometime depicted as the first male convert to Islam Sunnis say he was the first adult male to convert so was the rightful political successor Close to Muhammad similar age first political leader after Muhammad s death Ali cousin of Muhammad sometimes depicted as the first male convert to Islam famous for valor strength and piety Sunnis say he hadn t reached puberty but Shi i say he had reached puberty so was the rightful political successor Important Shi i point o Ali s father Abu Talib b Abd al Muttalib b Hashim Hashim clan of great grandfather of Muhammad Marries one of Muhammad s father Most of Muhammad s Meccan followers were from weaker families and were polytheists and had a massive boost in recruitment in Medina and were also polytheists When it became clear that Muhammad was going to win the battles many tribes joined but when he died they rebelled so they seemed to not have really converted Dates Recite o 610 First Revelations The last trip to the mountains o 613 First public preaching o 615 Emigration to Ethiopia Muhammad sent many followers to Ethiopia because of much pressure in Mecca because the Christians there should make natural allies because they were both monotheistic religions The Sura of Mary and Jesus was repeated to the King of Ethiopia and he started crying The emigrants came back in the Medinan period o 619 Year of Sorrow Both Khadija first wife and only woman Muhammad bore children for and Abu Talib Muhammad s uncle who protected him died and the next uncle in line is criticized by name in Koran o 620 622 Pledges of the Medinans many of the Medinans pledge to Islam o 622 Hijra Emigration to Yathrib Medina city of an oasis that was conflicted by two warring groups Muhammad was considered trustworthy and called to arbitrate and invited him to preach while embracing Islam Muhammad was the last to leave with Abu Bakr a day before he was about to be killed then they found Ali but let him go The Parties in Yathrib Medina When Muhammad moves to Medina he begins to preach about warfare etc The Muslim Umma Community All Muslims align with a single community o Emigrants Muhajirun virtuous Muslims who o Helpers Ansar virtuous made up bulk of converted during Muhammad s time in Mecca those who left for Medina or Ethiopia most prestigious group Came from Quraysh tribe in Mecca Muhammad s army invited Muhammad to come to Medina were Muslim but aided polytheists in battles and struggles and not really on board with Muhammad some verses say its ok to fight them and some say to just let G d deal with them Generally came from Medina Did not want to help Muhammad o Hypocrites Munafiqun destined for hell claimed they o Three main Jewish tribes in the area and all three Jewish Tribes Constitution pact of