Historical Overview Caliphates Caliph o Caliphates Four non dynastic Caliphs then two dynasties of Caliphs o Caliphs generally had a lot of money so built Mosques bought land established charity systems establish civil stuff establish schools plumbing make pilgrimage easier etc o Had some religious and more political authority o Caliph is mostly a Sunni ideal the one person to rule all of Islam had some sort of blessing from G d o Purely political title Successful on battlefield or just chosen by Caliph to lead a certain area Still Sultanates in Brunei and Oman Sultanates Sultan Invaders o The two big significant invaders The Christian Crusaders and Asian Mongols Crusaders driven out by a Sultanate Mongols mainly converted to Islam and came into Islam Empires Sultan Shah o Three major powers all Muslims Ottoman empire Turkey Middle East to Algeria the Sophoman empire and Mugals in India Tahj Mahal o 18th century Europe was colonializing until about World European Colonialism War Two Nation States The first four Caliphs 632 661 Medina capital between the first and third Caliphs Kufa Ali moved the capital in order to more centralize the capital o Abu Bakr 632 634 o Omar 634 644 much expansion and conquest under o Uthman 644 646 Spreading into Africa and Asia his rule assassinated Caliphates o Ali 646 661 not everyone recognizes his authority esp in Syria Empire is divided assassinated in 661 Was fighting a different branch of the Qur aysh and defeated by this branch Umayyad Caliphate 661 750 Syria capital introduced hereditary rule held the empire together and expanded further Originally from Mecca but expanded to Syria o Impious leaders o Sent soldiers very far away and many revolted o Ali s son Husayn was martyred when fighting the o Made contributions in teaching Arabic o Didn t force conversion preferred to collect taxes Umayyad Abbasid Caliphate 750 900 1258 last minor Abbasid Caliph killed by Mongols After 900 the Abbasids basically stayed in the Palace and let the other people do the other stuff military etc Baghdad capital o Abbas paternal uncle of Muhammad so brought back the idea that the Caliphates must be related to Muhammad o The leader of the Abbasid revolt was Abu Muslim o Tried to ease the taxes on the converts so converts o Development of Muslim culture Arabic poetry were still paying the tax from when they were protected people flourishes courts rise A book culture arose more Christian translators hired to translate math and science texts from Greeks into Arabic and later Arabic became a scientific language o Get much credit for advancing culture significantly Fatamid Caliphate 909 1173 Cairo capital conquered Egypt in 960s o Claim direct descendent from Ali and Fatimah o The Fatamid Caliphs were political and religious leaders o Famous Muslim general Saladin Salahadin put an end to the Fatamids The Fatamids were Shi I sort of Spanish Umayyad Caliphate 929 1009 Cordova o An Umayyad prince made it out of Syria and established a rule of Spain In 929 descendents of this prince established themselves as Caliphs they were Sunni Caliphs and another Shi i sort of Caliph was the Fatamids A Selection of Sultanates Invaders Ghaznavids 998 1187 Rise of autonomous Turkish Muslim rulers Had already had many Turkish Muslim soldiers Raided into India and established a Muslim presence in Northern India Promoted Persian culture In Afghanistan Turkey India Mongols Saharan West Africa Indonesia spreading of Islam in Southeast Asia Big population boom Seljuqs of Rum c 1081 1307 Conquered Anatolia area of Sultanates of Delhi 1211 1556 spreading Islam through Mamluks 1250 1516 unified Syria Palestine stopped the Kingdom of Mali c 1230 1600 Spread of Islam into Sub Aceh c 1530 1650 1903 On the tip of Sumatra Crusaders 1098 1291 more than just praying for religiousness get to go fight and re claim the Holy Land Never able to capture Damascus and Cairo two of the big political and strategic Muslim cities Crusaders were unable to maintain a permanent presence in Arabia o Jerusalem 1099 1187 o Saladin 1171 1793 o Reconquista in Spain c 1085 1250 1492 In Spain the Christians fought the Muslims there and all the leaders were removed from power by 1492 Mongols o Chingiz Khan s raids 1219 1223 Ghengis Khan o Hulegu 1253 1265 Given Persia by his brother to go capture sacked Baghdad in 1258 First large non Muslim empire in that area Sack of Baghdad 1258 Descendents become Muslim around 1300 started building mosques etc but still raided other Muslims Started drinking a lot and disappeared after about 30 years Three Empires Ottomans c 1300 1924 used guns and were conquerors brought gunpowder and cannons o Constantinople Istanbul 1453 o Arab World 1516 mostly conquered by Ottomans o Turkish rulers but Persian culture Safavids 1501 1737 Isfahan Mughals of India 1526 1707 1857 o Iran becomes Shi ite o Taj Mahal o Capital city was Delhi o Strong from early 1500 s to early 1700 s o Large minority but successful in ruling as a minority Europe took over around the 1700 s and then by World War One almost every place with a Muslim majority was ruled by Europe o Persia and the Ottoman empire were not colonized o Dutch controlled Indonesia Cloves black pepper many spices came from o Brought medicine and education to the Muslim world Generally Imams jurists etc were teaching but then European secular schools were created south east Asia