Trad 101 |Languages and Cultures of East AsiaSentences in East Asian Languages(2)SentencesLexical Categories (aka parts of speech) NounsVerbsAdjectivesAdverbsPrepositions/postpositionsSentencesNounscan be modified by relative clausesBenkyo: suru hito wa gakusei desu.study do-ATT person TOP student copulaThe person who studies is a student.can indicate gender (masculine, feminine, neutral, etc.) Grammatical gender is not found in JapaneseSentencesNounscan refer to number (singular or plural) In English there is a number distinction, in Japanese there is not.cat nekocats nekoThere are some fossilized plural markers-tati tomodati 'friend, friends', watashitati 'we, us'-domo kodomo 'child, children', kodomotati-ra warera 'we, us'SentencesPronounspersonal pronounsE: I, you, he, she, it, we, theyJ: has a large number of pronouns for “I”watasi wasiwatakusi oreboku onoreatasi zibunwa, ware youtiSentencesPronounspersonal pronounsE: I, you, he, she, it, we, theyJ: has a large number of pronouns for “I”watasi (standard, polite) wasi (old men) watakusi (formal) ore (tough guys) boku (casual, men) onore (self, literary) atasi (casual, women) zibun (self) wa, ware (formal) yo (royal we) uti (casual, Kyoto area women)SentencesPronounspersonal pronounsE: I, you, he, she, it, we, theyJ: has a large number of pronouns for “you”anata (polite), anta (casual, close relationship)kimi (casual, used by men to people of lower status) omae (casual, used by tough guys to people of lower status) nanji ('thou', extremely formal) otaku (formal, lit. 'your house')SentencesPronounspersonal pronounsE: I, you, he, she, it, we, theyJ: kare 'he' and kanojo 'she' (lit. his woman) Despite the large number of pronouns, the tendency is to not use them.−konohito, kotira 'this person'−sonohito, sotira, anohito, atira 'that person'−people are referred to by name−when the pronoun is not needed it is omittedSentencesPronounsdemonstrative pronounsE: this, that, these, thoseJ: kore(this, near the spearker), sore(that, near the listener), are(that, over there removed from both speaker and listener)SentencesPronounsInterrogative pronounsE: who, whose, whichC: dare 'who', dore 'which'SentencesPronounsRelative pronounsE: who, thatJ: [clause] nounBenkyo: suru hito wa gakusei desu.study do-ATT person TOP student copulaThe person who studies is a student.SentencesPronounsIndefinite pronounsE: whoever, whateverJ: daredemo 'whoever', nandemo 'whatever'SentencesDeterminersE: definite and indefinite articles (the, a); demonstratives (this, that, these, those); possessives (my, your, his, her, its, ours, their); interrogatives (which, what, whose) J: definite and indefinite articles (none); demonstratives (-no is added to demonstrative pronoun: ko-no, so-no, a-no); possessives (-no is added to personal pronoun: watashi-no); interrogatives (-no is added to interrogative pronoun: dare-no)SentencesVerbstransitive vs. intransitiveThe door opens.I open the door.SentencesVerbstransitive vs. intransitivevery important in Japaneseintransitive transitivedoa ga aku doa wo akerudoor NOM opens door ACC opensThe door opens. [Someone] opens the door.SentencesVerbstransitive vs. intransitive(v.i.) (v.t.) aku akeru opensimaru simeru closeotiru otosu fall, dropkieru kesu go out, extinguishSentencesVerbstransitive vs. intransitiveThis distinction is important because it determines the case particles that can be used (we'll come back to case particles). Nominative ga is used with intransitive verbs and accusative (direct object) wois used with transitive verbs.SentencesVerbstransitive vs. intransitiveAdding -teiru to intransitive verbs makes a stative statement. Adding -teiru to transitive verbs makes a progressive statement.aku 'open (v.i.)'doa ga aiteiru 'The door is open.'akeru 'open (v.t.)'doa wo aketeiru '[someone] is opening the door'SentencesVerbsSince Japanese is an agglutinative language, verbs acquire morphemes to indicate tense, politeness, etc.tabe-ru taberu '[I] eat' (non-past) tabe-ta tabeta'[I] ate' (past) tabe-te-i-ru tabeteiru'[I] am eating' (progressive) tebe-te-i-ta tabeteita'[I] was eating‘ (past progresive)SentencesAdjectivesThere are two types of adjectives in Japanese: adjectives and nominal adjectivesAdjectives directly modify a noun:takai yama 'tall mountain'Nominal adjectives need a particle nakirei na hito 'pretty person'SentencesAdjectivesThere are two types of adjectives in Japanese: adjectives and nominal adjectivesBoth adjectives and nominal adjectives have tensetakai yama 'tall mountain' (non-past) takakatta yama 'the mountain that was tall' (past) Sono yama wa takakatta 'That mountain was tall.' (past) kirei na hito 'pretty person' (non-past) kirei datta hito 'the person who was pretty' (past) Sono hito wa kirei datta 'That person was pretty' (past)SentencesAdjectivesThere are two types of adjectives in Japanese: adjectives and nominal adjectivesBoth adjectives and nominal adjectives can be negatedtakai yama 'tall mountain' (non-past) takakunai yama 'not tall mountain' (negative non-past) takakunakatta yama 'was not tall mountain' (negative past) kirei na hito 'pretty person' (non-past) kirei janai hito 'not pretty person' (negative non-past) kirei janakatta hito 'was not pretty person' (negative past)SentencesCounters or classifiersWhat is a classifier?E: a cup of coffee, a pod of whales, a pride of lions, a murder of crows, an army of frogs, a knot of toadsJ: -tu is the default counter and is used with native numbers (hitotsu, futatsu, mitsu) Most other counters in Japanese are used with Sino-Japanese numbers: -hon for bottles and round things (ippon, nihon, sanbon); -satsu for books; -mai for flat thingsPeople are counted with a mix of native and Sino-Japanese: hitori (1 person), futari (2 people), sannin (3 people, Sino-Jpn)Word OrderSix possible orders:SOV – Japanese, KoreanSVO – English, ChineseVSOVOSOVSOSVWord OrderReview: subject, object, and verbSubjectis the actor of the verb, performs the action of the verbin English we often have fillers like “there” (There is a book.) Verbis the action of the sentenceObjectdirect objects – patient, receives the action of the verbindirect objects – is the goal of the verbWord OrderReview subject, object, and verbI threw John a ball.Subj verb IO DOWord OrderJapanese uses case particles to indicate subjects, objects of verbs, etc.ga marks the nominative case (subject) wo marks the accusative case (direct object) ni marks the