Trad 101: Languages and Cultures of East AsiaTrad 101: Languages and Cultures of East AsiaLanguage OverviewLanguage OverviewChineseChineseTrad 101: Languages and Cultures of East AsiaTrad 101: Languages and Cultures of East AsiaLanguage OverviewLanguage OverviewChineseChineseWhat is “Chinese”What is meant by the Chinese language?Can refer to Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Taiwanese, etc.Can refer to pre-modern as well as modern stages Can refer to pre-modern as well as modern stages of the languageWhat is “Chinese”What is meant by the Chinese language?Can refer to Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, modern as well as modern stages modern as well as modern stagesWhat is “Chinese”Where is Chinese spoken?ChinaTaiwanSingaporeSingaporeChinese immigrants to other countriesWhat is “Chinese”Where is Chinese spoken?Chinese immigrants to other countriesLanguage FamilyWhat is Chinese related to?Chinese is a branch of the SinoThere are about 403 members of the SinoThe Chinese branch consists of 14 Chinese languagesThe Chinese branch consists of 14 Chinese languagesSino-Tibetan relatives include:Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Bai, NagaLanguage FamilyWhat is Chinese related to?Chinese is a branch of the Sino-Tibetan familyThere are about 403 members of the Sino-Tibetan familyThe Chinese branch consists of 14 Chinese languagesThe Chinese branch consists of 14 Chinese languagesTibetan relatives include:Burman, Himalayish, Bai, NagaNeighbors of Chinese language (Mandarin): w/in today’s China Official minority nationalities total of the population (1990).  Han Chinese 1,033,057,000 National or official languages: Mandarin Chinese, National or official languages: Mandarin Chinese, regional languages: Daur, KalmykPeripheral Mongolian, Central Tibetan, Uyghur, Xibe, Northern Zhuang. Literacy rate: 73% to 76.5listed for China is 236.Of those, languages and 1 is extinct.(Ethnologue)Neighbors of Chinese language (Mandarin): w/in today’s Chinafficial minority nationalities total 91,200,314 or 6.5% ). 000 or 93.5% (J. Matisoff). National or official languages: Mandarin Chinese, 5National or official languages: Mandarin Chinese, Daur, Kalmyk-Oirat, Lu, Wu, Peripheral Mongolian, Central Tibetan, Uyghur, Xibe, 5%. The number of languages Of those, 235 are living is extinct.Neighbors of Chinese language (Mandarin): outside today’s ChinaNorth (Altaic languages)Mongolian Azerbaijani Uigur KazakhNeighbors of Chinese language (Mandarin): outside today’s ChinaNorth (Altaic languages)Azerbaijani 6KazakhNeighbors of Chinese language (Mandarin): outside today’s China South−Languages of Southeast AsiaVietnamese, Khmer, Thai, Tibetan, etc.Neighbors of Chinese language (Mandarin): outside today’s ChinaLanguages of Southeast AsiaVietnamese, Khmer, Thai, Tibetan, etc.7LanguageExternal influenceAltaic language family (Mongolian, ManchuTunguisic languages, Turkic)modifier-noun in Southern dialectsSOV sentence patterns in Northern dialectsinclusive 1pp in Beijing and some Northern dialectsLexical borrowings from Sanskrit, Japanese, English, German, etc.LanguageFamilyAltaic language family (Mongolian, Manchu-Tunguisic languages, Turkic) noun in Southern dialectsSOV sentence patterns in Northern dialectspp in Beijing and some Northern dialectsLexical borrowings from Sanskrit, Japanese,Writing SystemOldest writing system still in useSome are pictographic Writing SystemOldest writing system still in useSome are pictographicWriting SystemOldest writing system still in use−Some are pictographic = Writing SystemOldest writing system still in useSome are pictographic = 犬犬犬犬Rebus Principle Is this pictographic? Why or why not?−One word, one meaning?−Do the characters represent meanings or sounds?Rebus Principle11One word, one meaning?Do the characters represent meanings or sounds?Writing SystemOldest writing system still in useThe majority of characters are not pictographic, and contain a semantic element and a phonetic elementand a phonetic elementWriting SystemOldest writing system still in useThe majority of characters are not pictographic, and contain a semantic element and a phonetic elementand a phonetic elementCharacteristics of Chinese Lngs.Syllable structureEnglish structureCharacteristics of Chinese Lngs.Characteristics of Chinese Lngs.Syllable structureChinese syllable structure: CV (ni, hao, ma), VC (ai) , VC (ai) , CVC (sheng) Characteristics of Chinese Lngs.Chinese syllable structure:Words in Chinese 1, 2, or 3 syllables− 1 syllable− Hao ‘good’− Che ‘vehicle’−2 syllables−2 syllables− Hao-chi‘good to eat’ = delicious− Huo-che‘fire vehicle’ = trainWords in Chinese15‘good to eat’ = delicious‘fire vehicle’Words in Chinese 3 syllables− Jiao-ta-che ‘foot-pedal-vehicle’= bike Exceptions−Borrowed words−Borrowed words− Hudie ‘butterfly’− Putao ‘grapes’− Foreign names− Shakespere− TchaikovskyWords in Chinesevehicle’16Characteristics of Chinese Monosyllabic rootsEnglish has both monosyllabic and polysyllabic rootsChinese has only monosyllabic roots in the Chinese has only monosyllabic roots in the native vocabularyCharacteristics of Chinese Lngs.English has both monosyllabic and Chinese has only monosyllabic roots in the Chinese has only monosyllabic roots in theCharacteristics of Chinese Lngs.Accent systemEnglish has stressNounVerbABstractabstRACTABstractabstRACTACcentacCENTADdictadDICTADdressadDRESSfrom: http://www.yoursecondlanguage.com/english.nouns.verbs.accented.shtmlCharacteristics of Chinese Lngs.VerbabstRACTabstRACTacCENTadDICTadDRESShttp://www.yoursecondlanguage.com/english.nouns.verbs.acceHow does English make use of pitch or accent?−(hint!) What is the main difference between a declarative and interrogative sentence?−(hint!) How do women show femininity in their speech?Characteristics of Chinese Lngs.speech?How does English make use of pitch or accent?(hint!) What is the main difference between a declarative and interrogative sentence?(hint!) How do women show femininity in their Characteristics of Chinese Lngs.19Characteristics of Chinese Interrogatives vs. declarativesMichiko ate at Panda Express.Michiko ate at Panda Express?Pragmatic functionPragmatic function(1) Female speakers (2) Male SpeakersCharacteristics of Chinese Lngs.Interrogatives vs. declarativesMichiko ate at Panda Express.Michiko ate at Panda Express?20) Male SpeakersCharacteristics of Chinese