Trad 101|Languages and Cultures of East AsiaSentences in ChineseAnnouncementsDiscussion gradespeer + instructor evaluation The grade and your comments will be given anonymously to the discussion leader.http://www.eastasianculture.com/surveyondiscussionsAnnouncementsTopics for Final Projects/Paper Japanese kamikaze pilots & human torpedoesGender in English & ChineseTraditional & Modern Chinese Civil ExamMajiangCultural Effect of Using Hangul instead of ChineseCulture Influence of borrowing words in KoreaMobile Phone Mail in JapanAnnouncementsLink btw. Language & CultureTry to build a link btw language & culture;e.g. Buddhism in Japan [borrowing words] e.g. Confucianism in Korea [ language examples, “we” instead of “I”; respect forms ]Link between Language & Culture(하십니다)(합니다)(합쇼체)Used commonly between strangers, among male co-workers, by TV announcers, and to customersFormal and politehashimnidahamnidaHapshoche(하시나이다)(하나이다)(하소서체)Traditionally used when addressing a king, queen, or high official; now only used in historical dramas and the BibleExtremely formal and politehashinaidahanaidaHasoseocheWhen UsedLevel of FormalityHonorific Present Indicative of "hada"Non-Honorific Present Indicative of "hada"Speech Levele.gSentencesPhonetics > Phonology > Morphology > SyntaxWhat is syntax?Field of linguistics that studies the arrangement of words (and morphemes) to create sentences, phrases, and/or clauses.SentencesLexical Categories (aka parts of speech) NounsVerbsAdjectivesAdverbsPrepositions/postpositionsSentencesNounsPerson, place, or thingcan be modified by an adjectivecan be modified by determiners can be modified by relative clausescan refer to number (singular or plural) English nouns have singular/plural distinctions; CJK nouns do not indicate numbercan indicate gender (masculine, feminine, neutral, etc.)SentencesPronounspersonal pronounsE: I, you, he, she, it, we, theyC: wǒ(I), nǐ(you), tā(he or she), wǒmen (we), nǐmen (you plural), tāmen (they) demonstrative pronounsE: this, that, these, thoseC: zhèi “this, these”, nèi “that, those”SentencesPronounsInterrogative pronounsE: who, whose, whichC: shúi “who”Relative pronounsE: who, thatC: [clause]-dewo song liwu gei ta de neige nuhaiI gave present to her DE that girlThe girl whom I gave a present to.SentencesPronounsIndefinite pronounsE: whoever, whateverC: shéi “somebody”, shéidōu “everyone”, shénmedōu “everything”SentencesDeterminersE: definite and indefinite articles (the, a); demonstratives (this, that, these, those); possessives (my, your, his, her, its, ours, their); interrogatives (which, what, whose) C: definite and indefinite articles (none); demonstratives (-ge is added to demonstrative pronoun); possessives (-de is added to personal pronoun); interrogatives (-de is added to interrogative pronoun)SentencesVerbstransitive vs. intransitiveThe door opens.I open the door.SentencesCounters or classifiersWhat is a classifier?E: a cup of coffee, a pod of whales, a pride of lions, a murder of crows, an army of frogs, a knot of toadsC: ge “default” counter; -běn “counter for books”; wǎn “counter for bowls”Word OrderSequence of grammatical eventsA way to classify languagesSix possible orders:SOVSVOVSOVOSOVSOSVWord OrderSix possible orders:SOV - Turkish, Japanese, Eskimo, KoreanSVO - English, French, Hausa, Thai VSO - Tagalog, Hawaiian, Classical ArabicVOS - Fijian, MalagasyOVS - Apalai (Brazil), Barasano (Columbia) OSV - Apurinaand Xavante(Brazil)Word OrderThe most common are:SOVVSOSVOWord OrderOther sentence elements are determined by word orderif VO (VSO, SVO, VOS) –Aux –Verb –Verb –Adverb –Adverb –Verb –Noun –postpositionWord OrderBut what is meant by subject, object, and verb?Subjectis the actor of the verb, performs the action of the verbin English we often have fillers like “there” (There is a book.) Verbis the action of the sentenceObjectdirect objects – patient, receives the action of the verbindirect objects – is the goal of the verbI threw John a ball.Subj verb IO DOTopic CommentTopic-Comment constructionsTopic – what is being talked aboutComment – what is being said about the topicTopic CommentEllipsisWhat is ellipsis?In English we are required to say the subject of a sentence:It is raining.*Raining.In conversation a subject might be dropped, only when it's clear. Can't go tonight.In Chinese the subject is often omitted, and will be said when needed for