Hierarchical levels of structural organization in a complex animal Emergent Properties Organism Level Zebra Organ System Level Circulatory System Organ Level Heart Tissue Level Cardiac Muscle Tissue Organelle Level Cell Nucleus Molecular Level DNA Atomic Level Oxygen Atom The ultimate source of energy to support most energy life on earth is sunlight There is a membrane for each cell exposed to the environment Cells are to tissues as tissues are to organs Endothelium Four main types of tissue Single layer of cells layering all blood vessels Diffusion of small molecules and gases Selective permeability of the capillary walls Epithelial Tissue Interact w the environment Cuboidal epithelium Tall single layered active transport Intestines Simple columnar epithelium In organs that secrete molecules Simple squamous epithelium Relatively flat rapid diffusion Lungs Pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium Mouth throat Nervous Tissue Electrical chemical signaling Signals by neurons Neurons Cell body dendrites axon Glia Interact w each other and blood cells and neurons The function unit of the nervous cell is the neuron Connective Tissues Surrounds arteries veins B cells Anti body production Loose Elastic fibers Fibrous Adipose Fat droplets Cartilage Muscle Tissue Arteries carry blood away from the heart booth oxygenated deoxygenated Striated Skeletal cardiac Multi nucleated Stratified where there are a lot of abrasions Smooth Single nucleus Skeletal Voluntary Cardiac smooth involuntary Red blood cells No Mitochondria Nucleus use glycolysis to produce energy Circulatory system includes heart arteries and the lymphatic system Fibrin is the strongest part of the clot Diffusion Concentration gradient is driving force for transport of small molecules over short distances Steroid Hormones Lipophilic Can diffuse across membranes w o a transporter Transported by circulatory systems Pancreas Beta Cells Respond to blood sugar levels Alpha Cells Release glucagon into the blood Hyperglycemia Elevated blood sugar levels Hypoglycemia Low blood sugar levels Cardiac Cycle Diastole Phase Arterial ventricle diastole Relaxed Systolic Phase Arterial systole ventricle diastole Contract Ventricular systole arterial diastole Contract Kidneys regulate number of ions in blood Water soluble hormones need a transport protein to enter the blood stream Stroke Brain attack Heart Attack Potassium channels Sodium channels Opens closes much slower than a Sodium channel Voltage gated respond to depolarization Blockage of heart arteries Blockage or rupture of arteries supplying blood to the brain Organic molecules store energy o o o Have to negatives Inactivation gates lock the channels Have a standard activation gate can open close Action potential conduction along an axon is unidirectional Refractory period Response to a signal Reception Transduction Response Oxidation Phosphorylation Electron transport chemiosmosis Takes place in inner mitochondria chloroplast Reduction of NAD to NADH catalyzed by dehydrogenases Photosynthesis 6CO2 6H2O UV C6H12O6 6O2 Reduction The addition of electrons to another substance Oxidation This is called in a redox reaction the loss of electrons from one substance After action potential membrane is not excitable until K channels close and Na channel inactive gate opens Dehydrogenases Electron transport chain located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria A common mechanism for transfer of electrons potential energy in aerobic respiration Final electron receptor produce H2O FMN Flavoprotein flavin mononucleotide Molecules diffuse laterally through the membrane Chemiosmosis ATP production using H electrochemical gradient Catabolism of glucose is exergonic Proton Electrochemical Gradient Citric Acid Cycle When there are more protons in the inner membrane than the matrix Kerbs Cycle Transport of pyruvate into the mitochondria causes loss of carbon as CO2 in the citric acid cycle NADH High energy electrons from original sugar molecule FADH2 High energy electrons Pyruvate during the citric acid cycle is broken down into 3 CO2 Anabolic ATP NADH are NOT used carbon fixation phase Calvin Cycle Glycolysis glucose 6 carbon atoms in a molecule Pyruvate 2 3 carbons each molecule 2 pyruvates Glucose crosses the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm and is catabolized broken down to pyruvate In glycolysis 2 ATP molecules net are produced per glucose Glycolysis occurs outside the mitochondria in the cytoplasm In green plants most of the ATP for synthesis of protons cytoplasmic streaming other cellular activity comes directly from oxidative phosph C4 plants sugar cane corn some grasses Stomata partially closed Plasmadesmata Photosystem I Connects two or more plant cells Photosystem II Reduction of NADP Oxidation of electron trans chain between the 2 photosystems o o Oxidation of water Reduction of electron transport chain between the two photosystems o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Skin the epithelium which has shortest diffusion and longest diffusion Glycolysis Sugar splitting
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