Unit 1 study guide THEMES IN THE STUDY OF LIFE 1 New properties emerge at each level in the 2 The can be divided into different levels of biological organization 3 result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system 4 is the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manage able to study 5 balances reductionism with the study of emergent properties 6 For example new understanding comes from studying the with other 7 A system is a combination of that function together 8 constructs models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems 9 Approaches to study biology or really anything a b c 10 What are the levels at which we study life 11 The can perform all activities required for life 12 Homeostasis of the internal environment to maintain a constant state for ex ample electrolyte concentration or sweating to reduce temperature 13 Organization Being of one or more cells which are the basic units of life 14 Metabolism Transformation of energy by converting into anabolism 15 decomposing organic matter 16 Living things require energy to maintain internal organization and to produce the other phenomena associated with life 17 Growth Maintenance of a higher rate of 18 Adaptation The ability to over a period of time in response to the This ability is fundamental to the process of and is determined by the organism s heredity as well as the composition of metabolized substances and external factors present 19 A response can take many forms from the contraction of a unicellular organism to external chemicals to complex reactions involving all the senses of multicellular organisms 20 A response is often expressed by for example the leaves of a plant turning to ward the sun phototropism and by chemotaxis 21 The ability to produce new individual organisms either asexually from a sin gle parent organism or sexually from two parent organisms 22 are an organism s basic units of structure and function 23 The cell is the lowest level of that can perform all activities required for life 24 All cells and 25 The ability of cells to is the basis of all reproduction growth and repair of multi cellular organisms 26 A eukaryotic cell has the largest of which is usually the nucleus 26 By comparison a is simpler and usually smaller and does not contain a nu cleus or other membrane enclosed organelles 27 are prokaryotic plants animals fungi and all other forms of life are eukaryotic Overview A Chemical Connection to Biology 1 consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called 2 An element s properties depend on the of its atoms 3 The formation and function of molecules depend on 4 Chemical reactions chemical bonds 5 Living organisms are subject to basic laws of 6 Organisms are composed of 7 Matter is anything that takes up and has 8 Matter is made up of 9 An is a substance that be broken down to other substances by chemi cal reactions 10 A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a 11 A compound has different from those of its elements 12 About elements are essential to life 13 make up 96 of living matter 14 Most of the remaining 4 consists of 15 Trace elements are those required by an organism in 16 An properties depend on the structure of its atoms 17 Each element consists of 18 An is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element 19 Atoms are composed of 20 Relevant subatomic particles include no electrical charge positive charge negative charge 21 Neutrons and protons form the 22 Electrons form a around the nucleus 23 and are almost identical and are measured in 24 Atoms of the various elements differ in of subatomic particles 25 An element s is the number of protons in its nucleus 26 An element s is the of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus 27 the atom s total mass can be approximated by the mass number 28 All atoms of an element have the same number of protons but may differ in number of 29 are two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons 30 isotopes decay spontaneously giving off particles and energy 31 Some applications of radioactive isotopes in biological research are The Energy Levels of Electrons 1 is the capacity to cause change 2 Potential energy is the energy that matter has because of its 3 The electrons of an atom in their amounts of potential energy 4 An electron s state of is called its energy level or electron shell 5 The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the distribution of electrons in 6 The of the elements shows the electron distribution for each element 7 Valence electrons are those in the or valence shell 8 The chemical behavior of an atom is mostly determined by the 9 Elements with a full valence shell are 10 An orbital is the three dimensional space where an electron is found of the time 11 Each consists of a specific number of orbitals 12 The formation and function of molecules depend on between atoms 13 Atoms with incomplete valence shells can valence electrons with certain other atoms 14 These interactions usually result in atoms staying close together held by attractions called 15 A is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms 16 In a covalent bond the count as part of each atom s valence shell 17 A consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds 18 A single covalent bond or single bond is the sharing of of valence electrons 19 A double covalent bond or is the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons 20 The notation used to represent atoms and bonding is called a For example H H 21 This can be abbreviated further with a For example H2 22 is called the atom s valence 23 Electronegativity is an atom s attraction for the electrons in a 24 The more electronegative an atom the more it pulls shared electrons toward itself 25 In a the atoms share the electron equally 26 In a polar covalent bond one atom is more electronegative and the atoms share the electron 27 Unequal sharing of electrons causes a positive or negative charge for each atom or molecule 28 Atoms sometimes strip from their bonding partners 29 After the transfer of an electron both atoms have 30 A charged atom or molecule is called an 31 A cation is a charged ion 32 An is a negatively charged ion 33 An is an attraction between an anion and a cation 34 Compounds formed by ionic bonds are called or salts 35 Most of the strongest bonds in organisms are that form a cell s molecules 36 Weak chemical bonds such as are also important 37 reinforce shapes of
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