The more right you go on the periodic table the higher the electrons in the outer shell Atomic number protons and electrons in uncharged state Atomic mass protons plus neutrons Potassium Atomic number 19 19 protons 19 electrons 20 neutrons Atomic weight 39 BIOLOGY REVIEW Bonds Equilibrium Calculate molarity First 3 shells of atoms Electron shells 1st shell 2 2nd shell 8 3rd shell 8 Fill the final shell main goal of the atom Lose or gain electrons Valence of electrons to be gained or lost Cl Na K H 1 O 2 N 3 C 4 P 5 Bonds Covalent STRONGEST electrons are shared Hydrogen WEAK Ionic MODERATE electrons are gained or lost 1 and 2 electrons in electron shell will usually lose electrons 3 4 5 electrons in electron shell are all covalent bonds Covalent bonds come in two types 1 polar 2 non polar C H and C C and C N Nonpolar covalent bonds And O H C O Polar covalent bonds Hydrogen bonding N H H O H Hydrogen bonds differ in strength CO2 O C O Double bond between carbon and oxygen Be able to calculate molarity Example Atomic Mass Mg 24 Cl 35 24 35 X 2 94 grams per liter What about a 0 1 M solution 9 4 g L What about 1 mM 0 094 moles L 1 micromolar 1 mM Difference is 1000 micromoles in a millimole H2CO3 reaction goes both ways H HCO3 Carbonic acid proton bicarbonate Molarity grams of a substance Atomic mass dissolved in a liter of water MgCl2 magnesium chloride how many grams to dissolve in 1M At equilibrium the forward and backward reactions are occurring at the same rate Concentrations are not changing but they are not similar Keq products 1 means they are equal reactants Keq products 100 concentration is higher reaction that goes strongly forward reactants Keq products 0 01 means very little product reactants WATER Sticky cohesive sticks to each other and adhesive sticks to other things high specific heat takes more energy to heat up water than most things stabilizes temperatures expands when it freezes interacts with four other molecules all are fully hydrogen bonded high surface tension things that are really small impact that surface tension solvent electrostatic water molecules surround dissolvable things in water shell pH pH log H pH measure of concentration of H in solution H2O H OH therefore Keq 10 to the 14 H 10 to the 7M OH 10 to the 7M so log 10 to the 7 7 In pure water there s very little proton or hydroxyl present pH ranges from 0 14 7 as neutrality 0 acidic 14 basic pH 3 what is concentration of protons H 10 to the 3M OH 10 to the 11M MUST ADD UP TO 14 pH 9 H 10 to the 9M OH 10 to the 5M MUST ADD UP TO 14
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