Psychodynamic Perspective Behavioral Perspective Perspectives Behavior is from inner workings of our personality Behavior is caused by only the external environment Behavior is determined by habits learned form previous experience and stimuli in our immediate environment knowledge is gained empirically through observations and experiences Psychology should study only observable responses not unobservable mental processes Humanist focuses on the positive image of what it means to be human Human nature is viewed as basically good and humanistic theorists focus on methods that allow fulfillment of potential emphasizes free will innate human tendency twoards growth attempt to find meaning in one s existence conscious awareness challenges psychodynamic theory and behaviorism by saying that humans are NOT controlled by unconscious processes and are NOT just acting to their environment focuses on here and now less impact on psychological science than other perspectives Humanists pioneered research on process of psychotherapy talk therapy Stimulated research on the topic of self concept Modern Positive Psychology Movement Incorporates humanism s focus on growth and self actualization Examines human strengths fulfillment optimal living Cognitive Concerned with HOW we think How mental behaviors influence behavior Examines how we Perceive Store Organize information in our brain Views people as information processors Gestalt Psychology Gestalt whole Opposite of structuralism holistic processing The whole is more than the sum of it s parts Led to Cognitive Psychology investigation of perception problem solving intelligence Cognitive neuroscience electrical recording and brain imaging techniques to investigate behavior and brain functioning Modern cognitive science consists of Biology Mathematics Linguistics Computer Science Sociocultural cause of behavior is due to cultural environment emphasizes how social environment and cultural learning influence thougts and behaviors culture is a shared set of values beliefs traditions and behaviors social norms rules acceptable and expected behavior for members of the group or within the group socialization process by which culture is transmitted to new members and internalized by them cross cultural psychology examines socialization in cultures similarities and differences between people in different cultures the extent to which cultures stress individualism and collectivism Individualism america mind Emphasis on personal goals and self Based on individual achievement Collectivism south korea mind family is important dependence Individual goals subordinated to the group Personal identity defined by ties to family and group Biological Causes of behavior is from chemical released from Neurotransmitters hormones genes and evolution and how these affect you ex Dopamine Hormones Hereditary Examines how brain processes and other physiological functions affect behavior sensory experiences emotions and thoughts Examines brain processes in conjunction with bodily functions e g hormones Behavioral Neuroscience examines how brain processes and other physiological functions affect behavior sensory experiences emotions and thoughts Karl Lashley research led to Brain Mapping Donald Hebb research led to discovery of Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters brain chemicals that allow neural communication and cause action Behavioral genetic research examines how behavioral tendencies are influenced by genetic factors Evolutionary Psychology heavily incorporates Darwin s Evolutionary Theory Natural Selection Survival of the Fittest
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