Slide 1MotivationMotivational theoriesExtrinsic vs. IntrinsicDiversity of human motivesHumanistic ViewsBiological Factors (Hunger)Environmental FactorsSocial MotivationCultural notionsIt’s Just Emotions Takin’ Me OverrrrrCognitive componentPhysiological componentBehavioral componentBehavioral cont.Mo’ emotions*Different appraisals can result in different behaviorsPositive Psychology“Happy” MythsWHAT MAKES US HAPPYSelf-esteemAffective ForecastingMotivation & emotionMotivationProcess that influences the direction, persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behaviorMotivational theoriesDrive: we are motivated to seek homeostasis (an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in tension-reducing activities, restoring equilibrium)Incentive: we are motivated by external goals and rewards (high-incentive could lead to more drives even if the need is low)Evolutionary: motives are the product of natural selection (we are motivated to do certain things because of their adaptive value)Extrinsic vs. IntrinsicExtrinsic: performing an activity to obtain an external reward or to avoid punishment (Study hard for a good grade)Intrinsic: performing an activity for its own sake(Study hard because you want to challenge yourself and learn)Diversity of human motivesBiological (fig 10.3)HungerThirstSexTemperatureExcretorySleep/restActivity/arousalAggressionsocialAchievementAffiliationAutonomyNurturanceDominanceExhibitionOrderPlayHumanistic ViewsStriving for personal growthNeed hierarchy (Maslow)Self-determination theory: focus on psychological needs of competence, autonomy, and relatednessBiological Factors (Hunger)Hypothalamusventromedial nucleus measures fullnesslateral hypothalamus is the overall hunger centerLeptin is a central hormone when it comes to our motivations to eat or notwhen leptin is elevated, hunger decreasesBlood glucose- blood sugar decreases, hunger increasesInsulin increases, hunger increasesEnvironmental FactorsPresence of othersFood cues (we eat certain things in certain psychological states)Observational learning, culture (eating with family regularly, Italian meals)Stressful eventsLearned preferencesSocial MotivationDietingSocietal pressuresBody image…May evolve into eating disorderCultural notionsLevel of motivationWaiting for motivationDigging deep to find motivationIt’s Just Emotions Takin’ Me OverrrrrFeeling states that involve a pattern of cognitive, physiological and behavioral reactions to eventsCognitive componentSubjective appraisal (interpretation) has an evaluative effect This leads to individual response to the stimulus“Cognitive appraisal”Physiological componentAutonomic arousalFight or flight responseEmotions can be measured throughout the bodyAmygdala (limbic system) response can be seen in brain imagingBehavioral componentBody language can reveal emotionFacial expressionsPrimary emotions: biologically based and tend to be culturally universal*Happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, contempt, anger, disgustNegative emotions are harder to identify*There are cultural differences in the guidelines of how and when to express emotionBehavioral cont.Secondary emotions: combination of primary emotionAlarm= fear + surpriseHatred= anger + disgustMo’ emotionsEmotions provide clues about our internal states and intentionsInfluence how others behave toward usThey are social communications*Different appraisals can result in different behaviorsPositive PsychologyEmphasizes/addresses questions related to:Happiness: quantifiable on a universal scaleLife satisfaction/well-beingHuman potentialResilienceCopingLove“Happy” MythsPrime determinant of happiness is what happens to usFALSE; IT’S ABOUT HOW YOU DEAL WITH THE SITUATION AND OTHER FACTORS CAN AFFECT HAPPINESSMoney makes us happyFALSE; THERE IS LITTLE EVIDENCE THAT SAYS THE WEALTHY ARE HAPPY OR HAPPIER, IT’S ABOUT HOW YOU ATTAIN WEALTHHappiness declines in old ageFALSE; THERE IS NO ONE PERIOD OF LIFE IN WHICH HAPPINESS DOMINATESPeople on the West Coast are the happiestFALSE; RESEARCH SHOWS US THAT THERE IS NOT A BIG DIFFERENCEWHAT MAKES US HAPPYMarriageCollegeReligionPolitical affiliationExerciseDownward comparisons (somebody always has it worse than you do)Self-esteemCorrelated with:Happiness (+)Loneliness (-)Aggression (+/-)Narcissism (+)Correlates with initiative, persistence and resiliencePositive illusions- tendency to perceive ourselves more favorably than others doAffective ForecastingGeneral tendency to predict our own and/or others’ happinessWe overestimate the long-term impact of eventsDurability Bias- our good and bad moods will last longer than they actually