Chapter 11; Emotion and Motivation1 April 2014● What is emotion - a feeling state characterized by○ subjective conscious experience (cognitive component)○ bodily arousal (physiological component)○ characteristic overt expression (behavioral component)● Components of Emotion○ Cognitive - subjective conscious experience, ■ subjective feelings: feelings of joy, grief, dismay, happiness, anxiety, contentment associated with physiological arousal ○ Physiological - complex processes including many areas of the main, many neurotransmitters as well as the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system, increased heart rate, blood pressure ■ amygdala: fear, anger, aggression■ autonomic system: split into sympathetic / parasympathetic ● polygraphs take into account the autonomic system: nervous/lying, not completely dependable○ set a baseline by asking neutral q’s, to judge abnormalities○ ask relevant questions to assess: respiration, GSR, Blood pressure, heart rate○ control questions: almost always provoke anxiety in a polygraph○ Behavioral - body language/non-verbal behavior■ smiles, frowns, clenched fists, slumped shoulders, furrowed brows● Facial Expressions○ Universal Facial Expressions : Fear, Disgust, Happiness, Anger○ Do I smile because I am happy or am I happy because I smile○ facial muscles send signals to the brain, and these signals help the brain recognize the emotion● Theories of Emotion○ James Lange ■ Feel afraid because pulse is racing, first experience physiological, then emotion■ Stimulus: threatening bear approaching, arousal: heart pounding, trembling, Emotion: FearCannon Bard■ Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and the autonomic nervous system■ physiological response and cognitive component at the same time■ Stimulus: threatening bear, Arousal of heart pounding and Emotion of fearexhibited together○ Schachter’s two factor theory■ Look to external cues to decide what to feel■ stimulus: threatening bear, then arousal of trembling, heart pounding, then cognitive label: “that s a scary bear, I’m afraid, emotion: fearEvidence: children look to their mother to base their emotions, pick up cues● Emergency Emotional Shortcut○ Shortcut enables instant fear response○ thalamus sends quick message to amygdala (before interpret visual stimulus) [instead of from eyes to thalamus to visual cortex to amygdala]● Misattribution○ explanation that shifts the perceived cause of arousal from the true source to another ○ arousal caused by walking over a hanging bridge (normally fearful) = attraction towoman on bridge○ in a club, aroused by music, more likely to be attracted to someoneMotivation● What is motivation○ motives are needs, wants, interests, and desires○ involves goal directed behavior, and factors that energize, direct, or sustain behavior● Theories of Motivation○ Drive Theory■ motivation is based on an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension■ organisms seek to maintain homeostasis, or state of equilibrium■ eg. Temperature: blood vessels in skin dilate, person sweats, turn down furnace, remove sweater■ eg. hunger: go without food, experience discomfort, drive motivates you to obtain food, eating reduces the drive, homeostasis restored● but are we only motivated to eat when we are hungry?● FOOD: hunger is a biologically driven, but eating -not so much○ a) high incentive value goal NEED -> DRIVE -> Response -> Ice cream○ b) low incentive value goal REALLY NEED -> less drive-> less response-> carrot○ Incentive Theory■ external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior● A on an exam● monetary prize● slice of warm apple pie■ downplay the biological bases of motivation, no biological reason why goals should be attained● Motivation of Hunger and Eating○ brain regulation: hypothalamus○ hormonal activity■ leptin: associated with long-term body fat regulation, released from fat cells as more fat is stored and travels to the hypothalamus, where it acts to inhibit eating behavior, high levels diminish hunger feelings■ ghrelin: motivates eating behavior, originates in the stomach, surges before meals, decreases after people eat (plays important role in triggering eating) causes stomach contractions, promotes hunger○ environmental factors■ availability/ palatability of food■ learned preferences and habits● Sexual Motivation○ intense interest in sex reflects the importance of sexual motivation○ Alfred Kinsey 1894-1956■ asked to teach course on marriage■ research group established■ sexual behavior in male then female■ finding: men and women differ in certain aspects of sexual motivation● men wanted more sex○ Evolutionary Perspective■ women ● need to be highly selective● number of children biologically limited● have a certainty of who their children are● will search for man with resources to support offspring● attracted to older men, financially secure, with commitment ■ men -● can have unlimited number of offspring (motivated to continue gene pool)● lack of certainty about paternity● man seek women who are young, physically healthy, less likely to be sexually promiscuous■ Buss (1989) --survey of 10,000 people across 37 cultures● men value: good looks, no previous sexual intercouse, always value importance of attractiveness then women do● women value: good financial prospects, ambitious/industrious, always value importance of men’s financial prospects than men do●3 April 2014Chapter 12: Personality● What is Personality○ distinct constellation of consistent behavioral traits■ distinctiveness - the behavioral differences among people reacting to the same situation■ consistency - stability of behavior across time and situations● Perspectives○ Psychodynamic - Freud■ Freudian Slip - say a word out of nowhere, supposedly window into your unconscious/ how you really feel■ Psychoanalytic Theory● attempts to explain personality, motivation and psychological disorders by focusing on○ influence of early childhood experiences○ unconscious motives and conflicts○ how people cope with their sexual and aggressive urges● Structure of Personality (likened to structure of ice berg)○ Id - strives toward biological satisfaction. Primitive, instinctive, operates according to the pleasure principle■ way below