Slide 1HabituationPavlov & Classical conditioningClassical conditioning includesJohn WatsonHigher-order conditioningSkinner & Operant ConditioningReinforcementPunishmentSlide 10Classical or Operant?Classical or Operant?Classical or Operant?LearningA relatively durable change in behavior and/or knowledge due to experienceHabituationThe response to stimulus is less strong over time, with repeated exposure to that stimulusIn the wild, if you habituate to a stimulus, it is probably deemed safePavlov & Classical conditioningDogs salivating at the ring of a bellStimulus--responseResponse is biologically based (fear/anxiety)Jim’s ‘The Office’ experiment on Dwight:Unconditioned Stimulus: AltoidUnconditioned ‘Innate’ Response: SalivatingConditioned Stimulus: Computer soundConditioned Response: Dwight puts his hand out and salivatesClassical conditioning includesAcquisition: increase CS and US pairings yields this learning process/ conditioned responseExtinction: CS is presented without US yields the opposite conditioned responseSpontaneous recovery: CS can produce CR, original acquisition, after a few daysJohn WatsonApplied classical conditioning to humans‘Little Albert’ experimentWHITE RAT YAYWhite rat, GONG Oh, dear! I’m scared!White rat Oh, dear! I’m scared!White, furry object Oh, dear! I’m scared! (generalization)Higher-order conditioningAdding another conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response (check textbook)Skinner & Operant Conditioning“behavior”, not biologically basedResponses can be controlled‘Consequences’ influence the behaviorCan be used to shape or manipulate behaviorRewards and punishmentSkinner Box (Operant Chamber): Rat, lever, food dispenser (keep hitting lever) OR SHOCK (avoid lever)Thorndike’s ‘Law of Effect’: a response followed by a satisfying consequence is more likely to occur, and vice versaReinforcementA toddler begins to cry in a toy store. The toddler’s mother gives her a toy to quiet her down. Next time they are in the store, child starts crying again and gets a toy. Positive- from baby’s standpoint Removal of an aversive stimulus is Negative when behavior increasesPunishmentWeakened response because of deleterious consequencesClassical or Operant? If classical, identify the UCS UCR CS and CREvery time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGUCS: hot waterUCR: jump backCS: flushCR: jump backClassical or Operant? Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue to get better in your second year.OPERANTPositive reinforcement(behavior increases voluntarily, something is added)Classical or Operant? A professor has a policy of exempting students from the final exam if they maintain perfect attendance during the quarter. His students’ attendance increases dramatically.OPERANTNegative ReinforcementClassical or Operant? An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small exam room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.CLASSICALUCS: InjectionUCR: Heart rateCS: small roomCR: heart
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