Slide 1Nature of consciousnessEeg (electroencephalograph)Circadian rhythmsJet lagsleepRem sleeper statsSleep deprivationSleep theorySleep disordersdyssomniaDyssomnia cont.parasomniaDream theoriesDrug dependenceDrug dependence cont.Drug abusePsychoactive drugsnarcoticsdepressantsstimulantsHallucinogensuseVARIATIONS IN CONSCIOUSNESSSensing the WORLD, sensing OURSELVESNATURE OF CONSCIOUSNESSConsciousness: moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves and our environment, internal and external stimulusSubjective and PrivateDynamic, continually changingSelf-reflective, central and unique to sense of self, identity, awareness of thought about experienceIntimately connected with selective attention: focus awareness on some stimuli to the exclusion of othersEEG (ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPH)Recordings of activity in cortexBeta waves- alert, awake (15-30 cycles/sec)Alpha waves- drowsy, relaxed (8-12 cycles/sec)Theta waves- stages of sleep (4-7 cycles/sec)Delta waves- you’re out, dude (<4 cycles/sec)CIRCADIAN RHYTHMSDaily biological cyclesPeriodic fluctuations in physiological functionsAffect core body temperature, hormonal secretions (cortisol, growth hormone), bodily functions, blood pressure, short term memoryJET LAGExposure to light affects activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleu (SCN) in the brainSignals to pineal glandIncrease or decrease in melatoninDuring the day, SCN are active, reducing melatonin secretion, raising body temperature and alertnessAt night, SCN are inactive, increasing melatonin, which promotes relaxation and drowsiness, lower body temperature“Nighttime…. DAYTIME!!”Going westward is easier because it lengthens the daySLEEPCycle through stages roughly every 90 minutesBrain activity and other physiological responses changeStage 1: sleep is considered “light sleep”Stage 2: sleep spindles- 1-2 seconds of rapid brain activityStage 3: appearance of delta wavesStage 4: all delta waves3 and 4 are “slow-wave sleep”REM sleep: beta waves, where most dreams occur, physiological measures can reach daytime levelsREM SLEEPER STATSBabies spend about half of their sleep in REMAdults spend about a quarter of their sleep in REMSLEEP DEPRIVATIONImpaired attention, reaction time (motor coordination), decision makingTraffic accidents- d r o w s i n e s s accounts for 20% of themWorkplace accidentsHealth problems- diabetes, obesity, hypertension, heart diseaseSLEEP THEORYBiological: Cellular waste product, adenosine, accumulates during the day and inhibits brain circuits and signals the body to sleep. The waste product decreases in sleepEvolution: less sleep is an adaptive quality of preySLEEP DISORDERSDyssomnias: disturbances in the amount, timing, and quality of sleepParasomnia: disturbances in arousal and sleep stage transitions30-50% report some sort of sleep problemDYSSOMNIAMOST COMMON, MORE COMPLAINTS IN THE ELDERLY ~ Insomnia: difficulty initiating sleep, trouble falling asleep, wake up frequently/too early and trouble falling back to sleepWhy?•Pain, physical discomfort, sedentary lifestyles, respiratory problems, 40% depressed individuals, substance abuse, 25-40% among children, 1/3 general population report some symptoms during a given yearDYSSOMNIA CONT.Narcolepsy: unintended attacks of sleep occurring in inappropriate situations, cataplexy (70% of narcoleptic individuals can reach a complete loss of muscle tone preceded by a strong emotion)PARASOMNIANightmares: repeated awakenings from REM sleep with detailed recall of extended, extremely frightening dreams (threats to survival, security, self-esteem), most nightmares do not replay a past eventSleep terrors: recurrent episodes of abrupt awakening from non-REM sleep, intense fear and signs of autonomic arousal, relatively unresponsive to efforts of others to comfort the person, no detailed dream is recalled, amnesia, not difficult to fall back asleepSleep walking: repeated episodes of rising from bed during non-REM sleep and walking about, person has blank face and is unresponsive, amnesia, stage 3 & 4, confusional arousal (sit up in bed, say something, but you’re still asleep), 15% children have one episode, ~2.5% have multiple incidentsDREAM THEORIESFreud’s dream protection theory: ego’s way of keeping impulses at bay, manifest content (details of dream) and latent content (dream’s hidden message)Activation-synthesis: dreams reflect the brain’s attempt to make sense of signals during REM sleepCross-culturalWhy do we dream? … unknownDRUG DEPENDENCEMaladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment and/or distressTolerance- the need for more or increased amounts of a drug to achieve the desired effect Withdrawal- what happens when you try to decrease or cut out a drug (irritability)DRUG DEPENDENCE CONT.Substance is taken in a larger amount than intended over a period of timePersistent desire and/or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control the substanceSpends a good part of one’s day trying to obtain the substance, use the substance, and trying to recover from the substanceSocial, occupational, or recreational activities are given up because of the use of drugHang out with facilitatorsContinued use despite the knowledge of physical and psychological problems caused by dependenceDRUG ABUSETolerance and withdrawal do not applyCan lead to missing work, neglecting family, recurrent failure to accomplish obligationsContinue to use it even when entering hazardous situations or failed relationshipsConsistent substance-related legal problemsPSYCHOACTIVE DRUGSModify mental, emotional, and behavioral functionsNARCOTICSOpiatesHeroine, morphine, codineDrugs that reduce pain, induce sleepGives a sense of euphoria“Who cares?” mentalityHigh physical dependency risk, psychological dependency risk, and overdose risk!!!!Possibility of infectious diseaseLethargy, nausea, impaired mental and motor functioningDEPRESSANTSAlcohol, barbiturates (sedatives), benzodiazepines (anti-anxiety meds)Alcohol is the most widely usedDrowsinessMood swingsSevere mental and motor impairmentHigh in physical, psychological and overdose riskSTIMULANTSAmphetaminesCocaine- most powerfulNicotine- the effects of it can reach the brain in ten secondsCaffeineCreate euphoria- “I can