Human MemoryencodingstorageretrievalTypes of memoryShort-term memorySlide 7Our Memory ProcessHow is knowledge represented and organized in memoryRetrieval CuesRetrieval cont.Why do we forget?H.M., epileptic patientSystems of MemoryDeclarative MemoryProspective MemoryRetrospective memoryRetention of information over timeAllow us to learn and experienceStable because they have been engrainedHuman MemoryencodingAttention is a key player in this processStructural: the written word, physical structure of the stimulus, shallow levelPhonemic: how it sounds, what it rhymes with, middle levelSemantic: understanding the meaning, deepest levelFacilitate encoding with visual imageryElaboration is where you link information to personal experienceRelevance is where you decide whether the information is personally relevantMotivation to remember if you deem importance/intereststorageHow is information maintained over time (briefly/long term)?retrievalHow do we tap the synapse to get the memory back?Types of memorySensory memory: temporary storage buffers in which stimuli is perceived through our senses last the least amount of time (2.5 sec) without attention visual versus auditory (iconic versus echoic)Short-term memorygeneral population can remember 7 (+/- 2) numbers/ideaschunking puts the units into groups like a phone #rehearsal allows you to store infolasts about 20 sec without rehearsal or interferenceWorking memoryphonological loop (reciting info)visuo-spatial sketchpad (rearrange closet)Central executive system (directing attention)Episodic buffer (prepares short term for long term)Serial position effect: the ability to recall items by their position in a series of infoPrimacy effect: when you can better recall the beginning of the seriesRecency effect: when you can better recall the more recent or ending units of a seriesOrganization: when a theme can apply to the seriesOur Memory ProcessHow is knowledge represented and organized in memoryConceptual hierarchy: multi-levels of common property items Concept map (Semantic Network): clusters knowledge consisting of nodes that link another with pathwaysFlashbulb memories: vivid, detailed recollection of significant events eye-witness testimony may be faulty due to these memoriesRetrieval CuesGiven: Favoritism shown or patronage granted by persons in high office to relatives or close friendsCue: Begins with the letter NCue: Ends in –ismCue: first syllable rhymes with pepAh! It’s NEPOTISM!Retrieval cont.Encoding specificity principle states that memory is enhanced when the conditions during the retrieval match those of the encodingContext-dependent memory: Taking a robbery victim back to the scene so the victim can remember detailsState-dependent memory: Having the victim do and feel the way they did when they were robbed (Mood-Congruent Recall)Why do we forget?Encoding failure: the person did not attend to the information enough, distractedDecay: the pathway has deteriorated over time from disuseInterference: information is forgotten because other items impair the individual’s ability to recall (Proactive- past material interferes with recall of new material; Retroactive- new information) interferes with you ability to recall old informationMotivation: we’re either not motivated to remember or we are motivated to forgetAmnesia: Retrograde- memory loss of anything before the event; Anterograde- memory loss of anything after the event 50 FIRST DATES can’t make new memoriesH.M., epileptic patientSurgically removed HippocampusExperienced anterograde amnesia and could not form any new memories until 2008 deathLife was “frozen in time”March 1953 was his constant understanding of time because that was the year of surgeryRead the same magazines, did the same puzzlesSystems of MemoryDeclarative Memory- factual information, intentional memory retrieval, explicit memoryNon-declarative Memory- actions, perceptual motor skills, conditioned reflexes, emotional memories, implicit memory, i.e. riding a bikeDeclarative MemorySemantic Memory System- general knowledge, stored undated , i.e. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address Episodic memory system- dated recollections of personal experiences, i.e. first kissProspective MemoryMeasurement of future memories“I need to mail the letter later on”“I need to send my absentee ballot”Time-based perspectiveElderly careTools like calendars, alarms, post-it notesRetrospective memoryRecalling past memories like“Who won the Superbowl last