Mid Term 2 Study Guide Intelligence Definition Heritability H is the percentage of variance of a certain characteristic that is accounted for by genetic differences among individuals in a population H is 100 if all individual differences are due to genetic differences religios political beliefs 30 40 height 85 95 abilities intelligence 60 70 personality 50 Examples Intelligence Precise definition depends on test Boring Intelligence is what the Intelligence test measures tautology Wechsler Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the person to act purposefully think rationally and deal effectively with his her environment Galton Intelligence is related to exceptional sensory and perceptual skills Therefore smart people should have larger head sizes and better visual auditory abilities than normals he was wrong Alfred Binet 1881 Chronological age vs mental age Stanford mean 100 SD 15 Binet Terman 1916 IQ Mental age chronological age 100 S hort term memory and verbal abstract visual and quantitative reasoning Wechsler Intelligence Scales vocabulary and performance scale e g matrix reason object assembly e g WAIS Verbal scale e g information Difference between intelligence convergent thinking within problem framework and creativity divergent thinking Creativity involves finding a new and useful solution to a problem It may demand that we reject conventional ideas It may clarify a problem that was originally vague 1 Encoding Identify key terms or concepts and retrieve info from LTM 2 Inferring Determine nature of relationships that exist between terms or Process theories concepts 3 Mapping Clarify relationships between previous situations and the present one present problem 4 Application Decide if info about known relationships can be applied to 5 Justification Can answer be justified 6 Response Provide answer that seems best based on proper information Dependable consistency of a test over time the consistency in responses among similar processing at each stage Intelligence tests Current test measures Fluid reasoning Quantitative reasoning Visual spatial processing Working memory Reliability items on the same assessment Validity A test actually measures what it says it measures Aptitude Tests Predict an individual s ability to learn new information or skills Achievement Tests Measure an individual s learning what you have already learned Theories of Intelligence Chronological age vs mental age Aptitude test vs achievement test Intelligence quotient Intelligence tests Stanford Binet and WAIS Criteria for a good test Definition of reliability and types of reliability Definition of validity and types of validity Heritability Personality Definition Distinctive and characteristic patterns of thought emotions and behaviors that define an individual style of interaction with physical and social environment Objective Tests Generating of items through self or peer ratings or adjectives from Use of factor analysis to examine patterns of correlation Reducing response bias Indirect assessment of traits validity scales e g I dictionary have never lied Projective Tests Ambiguous stimulus is presented to circumvent defense mechanism and Answers are classified in various categories that indicate unconscious access unconscious material motives Problem poor reliability validity Sigmund Freud 1856 1939 IMPORTANT Psychoanalytic Theory Psychoanalytic approach Ego reality principle Superego internalized representations of values and moral of society ID pleasure principle Defense mechanism repression Method to keep forbidden unresolved impulses out of consciousness Psychosexual Development Oral phase 1st yr pleasure from sucking Anal phase 2nd yr witholding expelling feces Phallic phase 3rd 6th yr fondling penis Oedipal conflict 5th 6th yr internalizing father Latency period 7th 12th yr sexual interests supressed Genital stage adolescence puberty Definitions of personality and temperament Eysenck s Factor Theory Freud s psychoanalytic theory of personality Id Ego Superego Defense mechanisms Freud s theory of psychosexual development Maslow s hierarchy of needs Self actualization Bandura s social learning theory people learn from each other by observation Projective tests Rorschach Inkblot Test Thematic Apperception Test responses reveal motives Behavioral Disorders What is Abnormal Behavior Atypicality dysfunctional distressful dangerous Deviates from the norm Maladaptive Causes personal distress Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSMD Provides a common language and standardization criteria for the classification of mental disorders AXIS I II Clinical Disorders Personality disorders Pervasive developmental Disorders Mental Retardation Learning Disabilities III General Medical Conditions IV V Psychosocial Sterssors Global assessment of functioning 0 100 Diathesis Stress Model Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorders Panic attacks that are characterized by overwhelming terror and a feeling of unreality or of depersonalization With or without comorbid with Agoraphobia What are Phobias Persistent fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation Specific Phobia Social Phobia Phobias Social Phobia Persistent irrational fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur Specific Phobia Irrational fear of specific objects or situations Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Persistent unwanted and unshakable thoughts and or irresistible habitual repeated actions Obsessions thoughts Compulsions actions Anxiety Disorders Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Reliving the event Avoidance of stimuli associated with event Numbed responsiveness Increased Arousal Unpredictability lack of control Generalized Anxiety Disorder Chronic state of anxiety or worry 6 months Somatoform Disorders Manifested through somatic or physical symptoms with no physiological basis Multiple and recurrent symptoms that have no apparent cause Hypochondriasis Physical complaints fear that symptoms indicate a serious disease Conversion Disorder Disordered sensory or motor system Dissociative Disorders Thoughts and feelings that generate anxiety are separated or dissociated from conscious awareness Dissociative Amnesia Memory loss after a traumatic or stressful event Dissociative Fugue Dream like state of altered consciousness Relocation Dissociative Identity Disorder Alternation between personalities Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder Deep and persistent Depression Insomnia and agitation Bipolar Manic