Slide 1Principle A: Beneficence and Non-maleficencePrinciple B: Fidelity and ResponsibilityPrinciple C: IntegrityPrinciple D: JusticePrinciple E: Respect for People’s Rights and DignityAbnormal BehaviorDSM IVClinical DescriptionWhat leads to the onset of a PD?Developmental PsychopathologyClassifications of DisordersAxis II: personality disordersAxis II continuedCluster A: paranoidCluster B: AntisocialCluster B: HistrionicCluster B: NarcissisticCluster C: DependentCluster C: Obsessive-CompulsiveMajor Depressive EpisodeBipolar DisorderComplexity of DepressionCognitive factors of depressionBehavioral FactorsSchizophreniaCharacteristic symptoms of schizophreniaPositive SymptomsNegative SymptomsTwin studiesFor the testPSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERSWhat is abnormal: deviant from some social norm, dis-function in the person’s everyday life/behavior and causes them personal distressPrinciple A: Beneficence and Non-maleficenceDo no harmSafeguard the welfare and rights of whom they interact with professionallyGuard against misuse of their influencePrinciple B: Fidelity and Responsibilityestablish relationships of trust with whom they workconsult with, refer to, or cooperate with other professionals and institutionsSense of obligation to give back without compensationPrinciple C: Integrityseek to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the practice of psychologyPrinciple D: Justicerecognize that fairness and justice entitle all persons to access to and benefit from the contributions of psychologyPrinciple E: Respect for People’s Rights and DignityRespect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determinationAware of and respect cultural, individual and role differencesAbnormal BehaviorDeviance- from cultural norm, or role that specifies how people should think, feel and behavePersonal distressMaladaptive behavior- breakdown in an individual’s cognitive (perception), emotional (affect and response to situations), and behavioral (interpersonal functions) realms50% individuals between 15-55 will experience some psychological disorder at some point in their lives (DSM IV)20% US people suffer from diagnosable outcomesDSM IVDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Editions, RevisedDetailed lists of observable behaviors that must be present for a diagnosis to be made350 (+/-) different categoriesClinical DescriptionRepresents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorderPresenting problem: why the person comes to the clinicPrevalence: how many people in a population have the disorder?Incidence: how many new cases occur in a specific time period?Course of the illness: chronic, episodic, time-limitedOnset of the illness: acute (sudden), insidious (gradually)Prognosis: anticipated course of the disorderWhat leads to the onset of a PD?Vulnerable: genetic factors, biological characteristics, psychological traits, previous learning history, low social supportStressors: economic adversity, environmental trauma, interpersonal stresses or losses, occupational demands or setbacksDevelopmental PsychopathologyBehavior and experiences in childhood relevant in adult disordersAge-related variations in susceptibilityPsychiatric illnesses are medical conditions influenced by multiple etiological (causal) factorsClassifications of DisordersAxis I: Clinical SyndromeAxis II: Personality Disorders or Mental RetardationAxis III: General Medical ConditionsAxis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems (primary social support, changes in social environment/housing, academic history)Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) ScaleAxis II: personality disordersEnduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contextsInflexible and pervasive across the broad range of personal and social situationsLeads to clinically significant distress or impairmentStable and of long duration…onset adolescence/early adulthood…considered chronicAxis II continuedCluster A: Odd, Eccentric ParanoidCluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic Antisocial, Histrionic, NarcissisticCluster C: Anxious, Fearful Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive1-2% population have Personality DisordersHigh Comorbidity among PDs; narcissistic 35.9% likelihood of paranoidCluster A: paranoidA pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others’ motives are interpreted as malevolentSuspects (even without evidence) that others are exploiting, harming, or deceivingPreoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty of trustworthiness of friendsReluctant to confide in othersReads hidden demeaning/threatening meanings into benign remarks/eventsPersistently bears grudgesPerceives attacks on their character or reputationRecurrent suspicions (pathologically jealous) regarding fidelity of spouse/partnerCluster B: AntisocialPattern of disregard for, and violation of the rights of othersFailure to conform to social norms (unlawful behavior)Deceitfulness (lying, conning, aliases) to obtain a profit or pleasureImpulsivity (no planning ahead in behavior)Irritability and aggressiveness (likelihood of recurrent physical assaults on others)Reckless disregard for safety of self/others (reckless driving, DUIs, engaging in risky sexual behavior or substance use, child neglect)Consistent irresponsibility (failure to sustain consistent work behavior or meet financial obligations)Lack of remorse (being indifferent, rationalizing)Cluster B: HistrionicPattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seekingUncomfortable in situations in which they are not the center of attention (continually demand to be the “life of the party”)Inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior (going beyond what is appropriate in a social context)Displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotionsUses physical appearance to draw attention (spend time, energy, and money on clothes and grooming; fish for compliments; easily upset by critical comments)Excessively impressionistic speech (can’t back up opinion with details)Self-dramatization, exaggerated expression of emotion (tendency to quickly display some inappropriate emotion,