Slide 1developmentLongitudinal DesignDevelopmental processesPeriods of development“Age”Prenatal developmentTeratogens Cont.infertilitySlide 10APGAR ScorePost-partum bluesMotor DevelopmentSlide 14Infant mortalityToilet trainingVisual PerceptionInfant NutritionAttachmentErik Erikson’s Stage TheoryPiaget’s TheoryFreud’s TheoryLawrence KohlbergParenting StylesChild maltreatment signsFour Identity StagesWhy are we marrying later and later?Robert Peck’s reworking of Erickson’s Final StagesStages of DyingStages of Dying cont.Human Development across the LIFESPANBehavior and how it changes through the lifeLife expectancy: today’s is an average of 78.7Upper limit: ?Smoking is the #1 thing you can avoid to live longerdevelopmentPattern of change that begins at conceptionContinues through life cycleMultidisciplinary fieldContextual: we think about the context in which we experience change (new environment)Longitudinal DesignSame people studied over a period of time to compare the trait“The inter-individual differences of the intra-individual change”Developmental processesBiological: physical developmentCognitive: how we mature intellectuallySocioemotional: interpersonal relationships, coping, etc.These three are intertwinedPeriods of developmentPrenatal Conception to birthInfancy Birth to 18-24 monthsEarly childhood 18-24 months to 5-6 yearsMiddle/late childhood6-11 yearsAdolescence Defined by one’s search for independence and identity, sexual maturationEarly adulthood Economic independenceMiddle adulthood Secure, expanding personal and social roleLate adulthood Adjustment to retirement, declining health“Age”Chronological: your actual agePsychological: is this person psychologically mature and emotionally intelligent in comparison to same-age cohortsBiological: how your body works and suchSocial: our society’s expectations of where we should be at our actual age or stage of developmentPrenatal developmentGerminal period: first two weeks post-conception, attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall, implantation occurs 10-14 days after conceptionEmbryonic period: two-eight weeks post-conception, rate of cell differentiation intensifies and organs begin to appear (organogenesis)Fetal period: two to seven months after conception, fetus protected by amniotic sacTeratogen: any agent (Mom’s intake and stress level) that causes a birth defect or miscarriageTeratogens Cont.Dose- the greater the dose, the greater the effectTime of exposure- they do more damage when they occur at some points in development rather than othersif it happens early on, structures of the organs will be effected; if it happens later on, function of the organs will be effectedGenetic susceptibility- based upon genotype of pregnant mother and genotype of the fetusinfertilityThe inability to conceive after twelve months of regular inercourseVarnix casiosa: fatty like substance that covers the child in utero that we see at birthLungs are the least matured organ at birthAPGAR Score0 Points 1 Point 2 PointsActivity (Muscle Tone)Absent Arms and legs flexedActive movementPulse Absent Below 100 bpm Over 100 bpmGrimace (reflex irritability)Flaccid Some flexion of extremitiesActive motion (sneeze, cough, pull away)Appearance (skin color)Blue, pale Body pink, extremities blueCompletely pinkRespiration Absent Slow, irregular Vigorous cryPost-partum bluesOne to two weeks that the mom experiences after giving birthMom must return to homeostasis Mom must now care for child 24/7 - anxietyErmagerd 70% of women experience thisPost-partum depression is classified as elongated time with anxiety, 10-15% women experience thisMotor DevelopmentCephalocaudal trend: we develop from the head down, inward-out, hone in on vital body systemsProximodistal trend: ability to grasp objectsMaturation: pubertyInfants’ physical development in the first two years of life is extensiveIn about twelve months, infants are capable of sitting, standing, and walking90% of infants can sit without support at about 8 monthsThese infants can stand by 14 monthsBy 14.3 months, 90% of children can walk without supportInfant mortalityCauses of infant death in US for 2010Chromosomal abnormalities/congenital malformationsShort gestation and low birth weightSIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome), ideopathic- unknown causeNewborn affected by maternal complications of pregnancyAccidents (unintentional injuries)Newborn affected by complications of placentaToilet trainingControlling elimination depends on bothMuscular maturation (control) and motivation (want/desire)98% of infants are toilet trained by 48 monthsIt’s all about readiness approach- look for psychological and biological maturityVisual PerceptionDepth perception 20/600 vision for newborn, but with age it becomes acuteAround 7-8 months, the Visual Cliff Experiment will fail because the infant should be able to perceive depthInfant Nutrition1800 calories in early childhood2400 calories in mid-late childhoodIn the first year of life, most professionals tell the mother to listen to their child’s needs– DON’T SPOIL THAT CHILDFood Jag: all the infant wants to do is eat the same food (favorite food)AttachmentMary AinsworthTheory of attachmentSecure: in a “Strange Situation” the child is visibly upset when Mom leaves, but when Mom returns, the child quickly is calmAvoidant: little contact with the mother in room with her, not upset by Mom’s departureAnxious/Ambivalent: child is anxious with Mom in the room, excessive protest when Mom leaves, when Mom returns the child does not totally recoverErik Erikson’s Stage TheoryTrust vs. Mistrust (year One)Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (next few years)Initiative vs. Guilt (4-6 years) good/bad?Industry vs. Inferiority (6-Puberty) sense of competence?Identity vs. Confusion (Adolescence)Intimacy vs. isolation (early adulthood) lovely wife/cat lady?Generativity vs. self-absorption (middle adulthood) will I produce something of real value?Integrity vs. despair (late adulthood) have a lived a full life?Piaget’s TheorySensorimotor (birth thru 2) object permanence allows the child to understand that if someone “disappears” they still existPreoperational (2-7) egocentrism prohibits the child from seeing perspective of others, animism is thinking objects