Biology Test 1 Study Guide Lecture 1 Biology The study of life Emergent Properties The arrangement and interaction of parts within a system o Ex Sodium Highly reactive and Chloride Poisonous combining to form Sodium Chloride Table Salt Reductionism The reduction of complex systems in to simpler components which are then more manageable System A combination of components that function together o Systems Biology The system that constructs models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems The levels in which we study life are o Biosphere The global sum of all ecosystems on earth The global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships o Ecosystem A community of living organisms interacting with the nonliving components of their environment as a system o Community A social unit of any size that shares common values o Population A summation of all the organisms of the same group or species which live in the same geographical area and have the capability of interbreeding o Organism An individual animal plant or single celled life form DNA controls the development and maintenance of organisms o Tissue A collection of similar cells from the same origin that together carry out a specific function An organ such as the liver is composed of tissues o Cell The basic structural functional and biological unit of all known living organisms Cells are an organism s basic units of structure and function The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all the activities required for life Cells are enclosed by a membrane Ex Phospholipid Bilayer Eukaryotic Cells Has membrane enclosed organelles Use DNA as their genetic information Ribosomes Mitochondrion Lysosomes etc Examples Plants animals fungi and all other forms of life Prokaryotic Cells Simpler and small than the Eukaryotic cell with no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles Examples Bacteria and Archaea o Organelle A specialized subunit within the cell that carries out a specific function Each organelle is usually separated and enclosed by its own lipid bilayer Examples Mitochondrion Ribosome Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER o Molecule A group of two or more atoms with no electrical charge that are held together by chemical bonds Differs from ions in that they have no electrical charge whereas ions do o Atom The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element Made up of a dense central nucleus and surrounded by an electron cloud Subatomic Particles Neutrons No electrical charge Protons Positive charge Electrons Negative charge Neutrons and protons form the atomic nucleus Neutron mass and proton mass are almost identical in elements This changes when focusing on ions Atomic Number The number of Protons in its nucleus Mass Number The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus Atomic Mass The atoms total mass The cell is responsible for all of the activities required for life o Homeostasis Regulation of an internal environment to maintain a constant state The process of living things requiring energy to maintain internal organization Ex Sweating to reduce temperature o Organization A structural composition of one or more cells o Metabolism Anabolism The transformation of energy by converting chemicals and energy into cellular components Catabolism Decomposing of organic matter o Growth Maintenance of a higher rate of anabolism than catabolism Growing organisms increase in the size of all its parts rather than it simply accumulating matter o Adaption The ability to change over a period of time in response to the environment Fundamental to the process of evolution Is determined by an organism s heredity as well as the composition of metabolized substances and all the external factors present o Response to Stimuli A response to stimuli is often expressed by motion and can take many forms chemicals Ex The contraction of a unicellular organism to external o Reproduction The ability to produce new organisms either asexually or sexually DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid o DNA is the substance of genes o Genes Units of inheritance that transfer information from parents to Genes control protein production indirectly o Genome An organism s entire set of genetic instructions o Chromosomes DNA base pairs that contain most of a cell s genetic offspring material o Nucleotides The building blocks that make up DNA o Double Helix Structure of DNA in eukaryotic cells Each DNA molecule is made up of two long chains arranged in a double helix o DNA RNA Translated into Protein Organ System An example of an organ system is the digestive system which is composed of structures such as the stomach and small intestine Independent Variable The variable the scientist has control that they choose and manipulate in the experiment Dependent Variable What you measure as an outcome of the experiment It is what responds to the independent variable and is affected by the experiment HW Pre Test Questions Lecture 1 Which of the following attributes is common to both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells to store information o The use of DNA as the information storage molecule All cells use DNA Competition is central to the theory of natural selection Why does competition o Organisms typically produce too many offspring and resources are limited occur Lecture 2 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds o The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding Matter Chemical elements existing in either pure form or in combinations o Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass Element A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by between atoms called compounds chemical reactions o Elements properties depend on the structure of their atoms Compound A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio o Ex H2O NaCl PO4 About 25 of the 92 elements are essential to life o Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen and Nitrogen make up 96 of all living o Calcium Phosphorus Potassium and Sulfur make up most of the matter remaining 4 Isotopes Two atoms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons Radioactive Isotopes decay spontaneously giving off energy o Some processes this is used for are Carbon Dating Diagnosing Medical Disorders Energy The capacity to cause change Potential Energy Energy that matter has because of its location or structure o Electron Shell What determines an electrons state of potential energy o The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the distribution of
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