Unit 3 Function Diagrams DNA mRNA Synthesis of mRNA NUCLEUS mRNA into cytoplasm Synthesis of protein Polypeptide CYTOPLASM Transcription Translation Ribosome Amino acids Pyrimidines Purines Cytosine C Thymine T in DNA Uracil U in RNA Nucleotides Sugars Adenine A Guanine G Deoxyribose in DNA Ribose in RNA DNA Replication Primase Topoisomerase RNA primer Replication Fork Helicase Single strand binding proteins DNA polymerase III Original DNA RNA primer New DNA Lagging Strands Primer Lagging strand DNA ligase DNA pol III DNA pol I RNA Transcription Initiation DNA 5 3 Promoter TATA box Start point 3 5 Several transcription factors bind to DNA Transcription factors RNA polymerase II Transcription initiation complex forms RNA transcript Transcription initiation complex RNA polymerase Elongation Newly made RNA Direction of transcription Template strand of DNA mRNA Structure 5 Cap 5 UTR 3 UTR Poly A Tail Protein coding segment Start codon Stop codon pre mRNA Intron Exon 2 proteins 5 Exon 1 Protein snRNA snRNPs Spliceosome 5 Spliceosome components 5 mRNA Exon 1 Exon 2 Cut out intron Initiation of Translation Large ribosomal subunit M e t 3 U 5 C A G A U 5 3 P site M e t P i GTP GDP Initiator tRNA mRNA 5 Start codon mRNA binding site 3 Small ribosomal subunit E A 5 3 Translation initiation complex Amino acid P P P Adenosine ATP Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase enzyme P Adenosine P P i P Pi i tRNA P Adenosine AMP Aminoacyl tRNA charged tRNA Amino end of polypeptide Aminoacyl tRNA charged tRNA Ribosome ready for next aminoacyl tRNA mRNA 5 E P site A site 3 GTP GDP P i Elongation of the Polypeptide Chain E P A E P A GDP P i GTP E P A Termination of Translation Release factor 3 5 5 Stop codon UAG UAA or UGA Free polypeptide 5 3 2 GTP 2 GDP 2 iP 3 Transcription Translation Overveiw DNA 3 Poly A RNA polymerase Exon RNA transcript pre mRNA Intron P o l y A Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase NUCLEUS Amino acid tRNA AMINO ACID ACTIVATION Growing polypeptide mRNA 5 Cap Aminoacyl charged tRNA 3 Poly A TRANSCRIPTION 5 RNA transcript RNA PROCESSING CYTOPLASM A P E Ribosomal subunits p a C 5 TRANSLATION Anticodon E A Codon Ribosome Mutation of Ras protein MUTATION Ras GTP Hyperactive Ras protein product of oncogene issues signals on its own Growth factor G protein Ras GTP P P P P P P Receptor Protein kinases phosphorylation cascade NUCLEUS Transcription factor activator DNA Gene expression Protein that stimulates the cell cycle a Cell cycle stimulating pathway Protein kinases MUTATION Defective or missing transcription factor such as p53 cannot activate transcription UV light Mutation of p53 Active form of p53 DNA damage in genome DNA Protein that inhibits the cell cycle b Cell cycle inhibiting pathway Opportunities for Control of Gene Expression
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