ATOMS Unif themes of bio Org Info Energy Matter Interact Evolut Emerg prop of H2O cohesion mod temp expand when freeze versatile as solvent Compounds two or more elements that can be broken down 4 Elements make up 96 of living matter N O H C Trace Elements Cl S I traces of them found in environment Isotopes same of protons diff of neutrons MOLECULES Potential Ener stored due to its position location e has more potential ener further it is from nucleus Periodic Table elements in same vertical row same of valence e same electronegativity 1st orbital holds 2 2nd holds 8 Covalent Bonds sharing e b w 2 or more atoms to form molecules single 1 pair of e H H double 2 pairs of e O O nonpolar perfect share of e b w atoms with same electronegativity polar struggle b w atoms w diff electronegativity H2O Stable won t lose particles C12 C18 Radioactive may decay from change in p Ionic Bond transfer of e b w atoms cation lose e anion gain e H2O ACIDS BASES Water Molecule partial on H s partial on O Hydrogen Bonds weak bond b w DNA strands easily broken cohesion H bonds b w H2O molecules help transport against gravity of plant creates high surface tension water droplets on hard surface Specific Heat amount of heat to cause a substance to change 1 degree Temperature Moderation water s ability to release a lot of heat barely change its own temp evaporative cooling sweating Density of H2O liquid more dense than solid Hydration Shell all H gets dissolved in H2O Hydronium Ion gains another proton Hydroxide Ion loses another proton Acids Bases acid 1 6 increase in H concentration base 8 14 decrease in H concentration strong acids and bases dissociate completely in H2O HCl NaOH buffer resists change in pH carbonic bicarbonic acid MACROMOLECULES POLYMERS CARBS Polymers many similar or identical monomers linked by covalent bonds Polymer Synthesis Dehydration synthesis molecules covalently bond w the removal of H2O Hydrolysis molecules split by the addition of H2O digestion Anabolism building Catabolism breaking down Macromolecule many small molecules joined by condensation reaction 4 classes polysaccharides proteins nucleic acids lipids Carbohydrates sugars Monosaccharides simplest carb Disaccharides double sugar 2 monos Polysaccharides polymer of many monos glycosidic linkage covalent bond b w two sugars starch alpha can digest cellulose beta can t digest FAT CARBS main energy storage for plants and animals CARBON CHEMISTRY Carbon 4 valence e means 4 covalent bonds skeletons vary based on bonds single or double Hydrocarbon organic molecules consisting of C and H only Ethane Methane hydrophobic due to the nonpolar covalent bonds b w C H Isomers same formula different structure Cis trans spatial arrangement inflexible b c double bonds Structural covalent arrangement of atoms Enantiomers mirror image asymmetric carbon Functional Groups Hydroxyl OH bond w O which forms polar covalent bond with C skeleton alcohol improves solubility Carbonyl C O skeleton ketone bond not on end aldelhyde bond on end Carboxyl COOH group acid carboxylic Amino NH2 N attached to 2 H C skeleton base Sulfydryl SH proteins Phosphate OPO molecules ATP Methyl CH3 only one nonpolar not hydrophilic bond to parts of DNA and tell can if trait will be expressed AMINO ACIDS POLYPEPTIDES PROTEINS Amino Acids build polypeptides has carboxyl group amino group H atom and R group Glycine smallest great flexibility only one not an enantiomer Proline only one w 2 linkages to main structure less flexibility freedom opp of Glycine Cysteine sulfhydryl group important implications for protein structure Peptide Bond bond that links amino acids formed by dehydration reaction removal of H2O Proteins polypeptides folded coiled into specific shape Primary Structure sequence of amino acids determines the shape conformation function Secondary Structure Alpha helix amino acids form coil help together by H bonds side chains don t matter Beta pleated amino acids form linear structure H bonds make both highly stable able to support shape Tertiary Structure interactions b w side chains weak bonds disulfide bridges add stability to shape Quaternary Structure protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains Denaturation disruption of proteins secondary tertiary structure changing its function happens w change in pH acid temp heat radiation LIPIDS MEMBRANE STRUCTURE Fat glycerol 3 fatty acids made through an ester linkage bond b w hydroxyl carboxyl stores energy plants starch animals glycogen Saturated no double bonds straight chain form solid at room temp H atoms every possible position butter Unsaturated double bonds fewer H atoms molecules don t pack together always liquid better for cardiovascular health oil Phospholipids 2 fatty acids glycerol linked to phosphate group major components of all cell membranes hydrophilic head hydrophobic tail which makes them amphipathic tails join together with head facing outside Steriods 4 fused rings Carbon skeleton manages hormones Membrane Fluidity saturated vs unsaturated room temp cholesterol hinders solidification low temps by disrupting the packing of phospholipids through its bulky steroid rings Integral Proteins penetrate hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer transmembrane proteins Glycoprotein Peripheral Proteins not embedded in lipid bilayer loosely bound to surface 6 Functions of Membrane Proteins transport enzymatic activity signal transduction cell cell recognition intercellular joining attachment to cytoskeleton extracellular matrix ENERGY LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS Organism considered an open system b c it depends of its environment for survival Laws of Thermodynamics 1st energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be transferred wood to smoke 2nd every energy transfer increases entropy disorder Gibbs Free Energy deltG if negative equation is spontaneous is 0 equilibrium cell is dead deltH change in enthalpy energy in a system T temp x deltS change in entropy 3 Types of Cellular Work 1 Chemical endergonic reactions that do not occur spontaneously need addition of energy 2 Transport pumping substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement concentration gradient 3 Mechanical movement beating of cilia contraction of muscle cells moving chromosomes during cellular respiration Endergonic Reaction not spontaneous results in positive deltG and gaining of energy Exergonic Reaction spontaneous results in negative deltG and the loss of energy ENZYMES CATALYSIS Enzymes need optimal temp pH to
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