BSC2010 Professor Chase Exam 2 Study Guide BIar Lipids and membrane structure Lipids overview Brief Review 1 What are the main functions of lipids in living organisms 2 True or false Lipids are polymers 3 Lipids are formed through which of the following processes a Hydrolysis b Dehydration c Covalent bonding 4 Why are triglycerides hydrophobic 5 The ester linkage is the bond between what two functional groups 6 True or False Not all fatty acids are the same Saturated Fats 7 Which of the following is a saturated fat a Olive oil b Vegetable oil c Rapeseed d Butter 8 Why are saturated fats solid at room temperature 9 True or False Saturated fats have C C double bonds Unsaturated Fats 10 How many C C double bonds do unsaturated fatty acids have 11 Which of the following best describes where unsaturated fats are kinked a At the front b Towards the end c In the middle d At the double bond Lipids Biological Membranes Phospholipids acid tails 12 Phospholipids are composed of a head and fatty 13 What three molecules make up the hydrophobic head 14 What is an amphipathic molecule 15 What causes phospholipids to be amphipathic Lipid Bilayer 16 How is the phospholipid bilayer arranged 17 How is the membrane lipid bilayer able to stay together 18 True or False Membrane molecules are mobile 19 What are the two types of movement within the lipid bilayer and which 20 What are the three main things that affect membrane fluidity 21 Membranes with fatty acids are more fluid one is more common Membranes as mosaics 22 What is a membrane 23 What does the plasma membrane separate 24 Why is the lipid bilayer considered selectively permeable 25 What determines the special functions of membranes 26 How do peripheral proteins differ from integral proteins 27 What macromolecule is important for cell cell recognition 28 Why is it important that cells can distinguish from one another Answer Key for Lipids 1 Fuels fats structural barrier membrane communication hormones and insulation fat 2 False This is because lipids aren t made up of a bunch of monomers rather glyecrol and fatty acids and streroids etc 3 B 4 This is due to non polar C H bonds 5 Hydroxyl and Carbonyl 6 True Fatty acids vary in length number of carbons number and location of double bounds and if they are saturated or not 7 D 8 They are straight chained so they stack well and tightly on one another 9 False they do not have any C C double bonds this is why they are very straight This also causes a hydrogen to be available at every position 10 One or more 11 D Although they may be kinked at any of the locations mentioned in A B and C it is precisely at the location of the double bond 12 Hydrophilic 2 13 Choline Phosphate Glycerol 14 A molecule that is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic 15 The head is hydrophilic and the fatty acids are hydrophobic 16 The hydrophilic heads form the outer barrier and the hydrophobic tails form the core 17 Through weak non covalent hydrophobic interactions 18 True 19 Lateral movement and flip flopping Lateral movement occurs most often at 107 times per second Flip flopping occurs maybe once a month 20 Type of fatty acid temperature and cholesterol 21 Unsaturated due to the kink in the tail that causes them to be less packed 22 A collage of different proteins embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer 23 The living cell from its nonliving surroundings 24 It allows some substances to cross more easily than others 25 The protein 26 Peripheral proteins aren t embedded in the bilayer and are loosely bound to the surface while integral proteins are bound to the core of the bilayer 27 Carbohydrates 28 This is important for organization of cell if the cell knows that they are different than their neighboring cells they can find the area in the body in which they belong It is also important for rejecting foreign cells Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics 1 Metabolism is all of an organism s reactions 2 What are the differences between catabolic pathways and anabolic pathways Thermodynamics 3 What is the study of energy transformations 4 What is the first law of thermodynamics 5 An archer draws in arrow back and releases it at a target 100m away The arrow flies through the air quickly with a lot of kinetic energy and comes to an abrupt stop as it hits the target It seems as if the arrow s energy was destroyed but what really happened to the energy 6 What is the second law of thermodynamics 7 What is entropy 8 True or False Highly ordered organisms violate the second law of thermodynamics 9 How is it that some of organisms are so ordered Free Energy ATP 10 Energy in its initial state is and it becomes more in its final state 11 What is free energy change G 12 What is the formula for free energy change 13 When is a cell considered dead 14 What are the four structural parts of ATP 15 ATP is hydrolyzed into and The ATP Cycle 16 Where does the ATP cycle get its energy 17 What does the ATP cycle release 18 In the cell how much free energy G is there a 3 b 7 c 10 d 13 19 What are the three types of work ATP drives 20 Match the following terms to their corresponding free energy a Endergonic e G 0 b Exergonic f G 0 c Equilibrium g G 0 Enzymes 21 What is a catalyst 22 True or False Enzymes are biological catalyst 23 What does Ea represent 24 How do enzymes speed reactions 25 True or False Enzymes change the G 26 What is a substrate 27 True or False Enzymes can only be used once 28 How are substrates held at the active site 29 Most metabolic enzymes catalyze reactions in what direction 30 What factors influence the direction of the reactions 31 What does a competitive inhibitor do in regards to substrate binding 32 What does a noncompetitive inhibitor do in regards to substrate binding Answer Key for Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics 1 Chemical 2 Catabolic pathways breakdown complex molecules releasing energy Anabolic pathways build complex molecules which consumes energy I was taught in high school to remember catabolic by thinking of a catastrophe or something breaking apart 3 Thermodynamics 4 Energy can be transferred or transformed but not created or destroyed 5 The energy was transformed into heat energy while it vibrated the air around it as it flew and when it impacted with the target 6 Every energy transfer increases the disorder of the universe 7 A measure of disorder 8 9 They take in more ordered forms of energy like sunlight that hasn t be transformed False which would increase its entropy Sunlight ordered energy
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