Biology Exam 2 Study Guide Pre Test Questions Lecture Notes Mastering Biology Which of the following statements about the combustion of glucose with oxygen to form water and carbon dioxide C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O is correct o The entropy of the products is greater than the entropy of the reactants o A large molecule glucose has been converted into several smaller molecules water and carbon dioxide thus the products have more disorder greater entropy than the reactants Which of the following statements about equilibrium of chemical reactions is correct o A reaction that is at equilibrium is not capable of doing any work o The G for a reaction at equilibrium is zero which means that there is no free energy G available to do any work Which of the following is a nonpolar molecule with polar bonds The answer is CO2 because the molecule CO2 itself has an equal sharing of electrons between its 1 carbon and 2 oxygen atoms making it nonpolar The bonds between oxygen and carbon however are Polar because oxygen is more electronegative than carbon and therefore pulls the shared pairs of electrons closer towards itself This gives the 2 oxygen atoms in CO2 partial negative charges and the carbon a partial positive charge o H2O o O2 o CO2 o CH4 Which of the following is not one of the stages of cellular respiration o Glycolysis o Photosynthesis o Citric Acid Cycle o Electron Transport Chain Photosynthesis is not one of the stages of cellular respiration What are the different Enzymes and their functions o Dehydrogenase Removal of 1 hydrogen Electron Proton o Phosphatase Enzyme that removes and separates a phosphate group o Kinase Enzyme that adds a phosphate group o Isomerase Enzyme that rearranges molecules Makes Isomers Example Phosphoglucose Isomerase is just the rearrangement of Phosphoglucose o Synthetase Enzyme that catalyzes the linking together of two molecules by using the energy derived from the splitting off of a pyrophosphate group from a triphosphate ligase What is Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase o Enzyme that catalyzes the sixth step of glycolysis and therefore serves as what breaks down glucose for energy ATP and carbon molecules Brefeldin A is a drug that disrupts transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus What other organelles and membranes are affected o Lysosomes transport vesicles plasma membrane nuclear membranes What monomer makes up a majority of the cell wall o Phospholipids Collagen proteoglycans and fibronectin are probably synthesized where What pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler o Extracellular Matrix compounds o Catabolic Pathways Where are do the electrons in photosynthesis come from o The breaking down of water Be able to draw the flow of electrons in the light cycle 1 A photon will hit a pigment and its energy will then be passed along the different pigment molecules until it excited a P680 2 An excited electron from P680 is then transferred to the primary electron acceptor a P680 A P680 molecule that is missing an electron serves as a very strong 3 H2O is split by enzymes and the electrons are transferred from the hydrogen atoms to oxidizing agent P680 reducing it to P680 4 Oxygen is released as a byproduct of this reaction 5 Each delivered electron then falls down the electron transport chain from the primary electron acceptor From PS II to PS I 6 Energy released by this fall is what drives the creation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane 7 The diffusion of H Protons across the thylakoid membrane is what drives ATP 8 synthesis In PS I transferred light energy excited P700 which loses an electron to an electron acceptor 9 P700 A P700 that is missing an electron accepts an electron passed down from PS II 10 Each electron falls down an electron transport chain from the primary electron acceptor via the electron transport chain of PS I to the protein ferredoxin Fd Cyclic Flow ATP but not NADPH for ATP in the Calvin cycle Cyclic Electron Flow This electron flow uses only photosystem I PS I and produces 1 Cyclic electron flow generates the surplus ATP needed to meet the higher demand 2 Some organsims Ex Purple Sulfur Bacteria have PS I but not PS II 3 Cyclic electron flow is thought to have evolved and come from linear electron flow 4 This type of electron flow may be what protects cells from light induced damage 5 The primary product of cyclic flow in PS I is ATP but more is made in respiration Be able to fill in this chart 31 Plants 32 Animals and Plants 33 Chloroplasts 34 Mitochondria 35 Anabolic 36 Catabolic 37 Uses ATP 38 Makes ATP Net 38 ATP 39 Water 40 Sugars O2 41 H2O CO2 ATP 42 Sugars O2 H2O 43 Sugars O2 H2O 44 H2O CO2 ATP Sorry I know I write very small Lecture 1 Concept s Biosphere The global sum of all ecosystems on earth The global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships Ecosystem A community of living organisms interacting with the nonliving components of their environment as a system Community A social unit of any size that shares common values Population A summation of all the organisms of the same group or species which live in the same geographical area and have the capability of interbreeding Organism An individual animal plant or single celled life form o DNA controls the development and maintenance of organisms Tissue A collection of similar cells from the same origin that together carry out a specific function o An organ such as the liver is composed of tissues Cell The basic structural functional and biological unit of all known living organisms o Cells are an organism s basic units of structure and function o The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all the activities required for life o Use DNA as their genetic information o Cells are enclosed by a membrane Eukaryotic Cells Have membrane enclosed organelles Ribosomes Mitochondrion Lysosomes etc Eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotic cells Nucleus is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope Have cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus Cellular metabolism is limited and determined by the size of the cell Small cells have a greater surface area relative to volume Examples Plants animals fungi and all other forms of life Prokaryotic Cells Simpler and small than the Eukaryotic cell with no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles DNA resides in an unbound region called the nucleoid Cytoplasm is bound by the plasma membrane Examples Bacteria
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