Test 2 Review I Chapter 5 72 75 a Lipids i They mix poorly ii Not polymers iii Hydrophobic iv Consist mostly of hydrocarbon regions v Varied in form and function vi Fats phospholipids steroids b Fat triglyceride constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules i Glycerol is an alcohol each of its three carbons bears a hydroxyl group ii Fatty acids acid ester linkage c Fatty Acid has a long carbon skeleton 16 or 18 carbons in length carbon at one end contains a carboxyl group giving it the name fatty d Triacylglycerol when three fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an e Ester linkage bond formed by a dehydration reaction between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group i O C O f Saturated fatty acid when there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain but there are as many hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon skeleton g Unsaturated fatty acid has one or more double bonds with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double bonded carbon h Trans fat i Trans double bond ii Contributes to atherosclerosis i Phospholipids two fatty acids attached to glycerol the third hydroxyl group of the glycerol is joined to a phosphate group which has a structure II Chapter 6 93 121 negative electrical charge in the cell small charged or polar molecule is also linked to the phosphate molecule j Steroids lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four k Cholesterol type of steroid crucial in animals It is a common component of animal cell membranes and is also the precursor from which other steroids such as the vertebrate sex hormones are fused rings synthesized l Catalysts chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction m Polypeptide polymer of amino acids n Protein biologically functional molecule made up of one or more polypeptides each folded and coiled into a specific three dimensional a Robert Hooke first saw cells in 1665 b Light microscope LM visible light it passed through the specimen and then glass lenses for observation i The lenses refract bend the light in such a way that the image of the specimen is magnified as it is projected into the eye or c Three important parameters in microscopy are into the camera i Magnification ii Resolution iii Contrast 1 The ratio of an object s image size to its real size 1 Measure of the clarity of the image it s the minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished as separate points 1 The difference in brightness between the light and dark areas of an image d Organelles membrane enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells e Electron microscope EM focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface f Scanning electron microscope SEM especially useful for detailed study of the topography of a specimen i The electron beam scans the surface of the sample usually coated with a thin film of gold g Transmission electron microscope TEM used to study the internal structure of cells specimen i Aims electron beam through a very thin section of the h Cytology study of cell structure i Cell fractionation takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other subcellular structures from one another i Centrifuge is used for this task j Cell Parts prokaryotes i Fimbriae attachment structures on the surface of some ii Nucleoid region where the cells DNA is located iii Ribosomes complexes that synthesize proteins iv Plasma membrane membrane enclosing the cytoplasm v Cell wall rigid structure outside the plasma membrane vi Capsule jellylike outer coating of many prokaryotes vii Flagella locomotion organelles of some bacteria k Cytosol jellylike substance l Eukaryotic cell True nucleus has double membrane DNA in nucleus m Prokaryotic cell DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane enclosed called the nucleoid n Cytoplasm interior of either cell type i Region between nucleus and plasma membrane o Differences between the cell types i Cytosol is absent in prokaryotic cells ii Eukaryotic cell is larger p Plasma membrane selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen nutrients and wastes to service the entire cell q Many cells contain microvilli which increase the surface area without an appreciable increase in volume r Enzymes embedded in the membranes of mitochondria function in cellular respiration s Plant cells vs Animal Cells Both i Flagellum mobility structure ii Centrosome region where the cells microtubules are initiated contains a pair of centrioles iii Cytoskeleton reinforces cells shape functions in cell movement components made of protein includes 1 Microfilaments 2 Intermediate filaments 3 Microtubules iv Microvilli projections that increase the cells surface area v Peroxisome various specialized metabolic functions produces hydrogen peroxide as a by product then converts it to water vi Mitochondrion organelle where cellular respiration occurs vii Lysosome digestive organelle where macromolecules are and most ATP is generated hydrolyzed viii Golgi apparatus organelle active in synthesis modification sorting and secretion of cell products ix Ribosomes complexes that make proteins free in cytosol of bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope x Plasma membrane membrane enclosing the cell xi Nuclear envelope double membrane enclosing the nucleus perforated by pores continuous with ER xii Nucleolus nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes a nucleus has one or more nucleoli xiii Chromatin material consisting of DNA and proteins visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes xiv Endoplasmic Reticulum network of membranous sacs and tubes active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes 1 Rough ER 2 Smooth ER xv Central vacuole prominent organelle in older plan cells functions include storage breakdown of waste products and hydrolysis and macromolecules enlargement of the vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth xvi Chloroplast photosynthetic organelles converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules xvii Plasmodesmata cytoplasmic channels through cells walls that connect cytoplasms to adjacent cells t Pore complex lines each pore and plays an important role in the cell by regulating the entry and exit of proteins and RNAs as well as large complexes of macromolecules u Ribosomes i Free ribosomes suspended in cytosol ii Bound ribosomes attached to the outside of the ER or nuclear envelope v Endomembrane system i Nuclear envelope ii ER iii Golgi Apparatus iv
View Full Document
Unlocking...