SPC1017 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 1 Communication any process in which people through the use of symbols verbally and or nonverbally consciously or not consciously intentionally or unintentionally generate meanings information ideas feelings and perceptions within and across various contexts cultures channels and media Elements of Communication Sender Receivers people both sending and receiving messages at the same time Message made up of ideas and feelings that sender receivers want to share There is no message at all if there aren t common symbols Symbols something that stands for something else 1 Verbal words in a language that stand for particular things or ideas 2 Concrete symbol that represents and object 3 Abstract stands for ideas 4 Nonverbal without using words include facial expressions gestures posture vocal tones and appearance Channel the route traveled by a message it is the means a message uses to reach the sender receivers Primary channels sound and sight radio TV CD s newspapers Nonverbal channels touch sight sound appropriate clothing firm handshake respectful voice Feedback the response of the receiver senders to each other Sensory Acuity paying attention to all elements in the communication environment Noise interference that keeps a message from being understood or accurately interpreted 1 External Physical comes from the environment and keeps the message 2 from being heard or understood Internal Psychological occurs in the minds of the sender receivers when their thoughts or feelings are focused on something other than the communication at hand 3 Semantic caused by people s emotional reactions to words ex foreign country Setting the environment in which the communication occurs The Internet Model of Communication Synchronous Communication talk that occurs at the same time with no time delay ex one to one one to a few one to many Asynchronous Communication does not occur at the same time ex email IM or seeking information from websites Communication is a Transaction Transactional Communication involves 3 principles 1 Participation is continuous and simultaneous whether or not you are actually talking in a communication situation you are actively involved in sending and receiving messages 2 All communications have a past present and a future you respond to every situation from your own experience your own moods and your own expectations 3 All communicators play roles parts you play or ways you behave with others Defined by society and affected by individual relationships roles control everything from word choice to body language Types of Communication Intrapersonal Communication language use and or thought that occurs within you the communicator daydreaming talking to oneself reading aloud It involves your active internal involvement in the symbolic processing of messages Interpersonal Communication occurs when you communicate on a one to one basis usually in an informal unstructured setting all elements of the communication process ex interview Small Group Communication occurs when a small number of people meet to solve a problem 5 7 ppl Messages are more structured in small groups because the group is meeting for a specific purpose Public Communication the sender receiver the speaker sends a message the speech to an audience The setting is usually formal Intercultural Communication a mix of all contexts 2 or more people from different cultures interact Culture the ever changing values traditions social and political relationships and worldview created and shared by a group of people bound together by a combination of factors Co Culture people who are part of a larger culture but also belong to a smaller group that has some different values attitudes or beliefs Communication Competence Competent Communication the ability to communicate in a personally effective and socially appropriate manner 3 Components 1 Knowledge recognize what communication practice is appropriate 2 Skill the ability to perform that practice 3 Motivation the want to communicate in an effective manner Needed Elements for Competency Respect communicators must be courteous polite and civil Empathy identifying with sharing the feelings of or being on same wave as other people Tolerance communicators must be open minded understanding and patient Flexibility must be willing to adjust compromise Interactive Management how they participate or involve themselves in any communication situation posture comfort appropriate role and willingness to disclose Strategic Flexibility SF used in feedbacks expanding your communication repertoire your collection or stock of communication behaviors that can readily be brought into use to enable you to use the best skill or behavior available for a particular situation 6 Steps 1 Anticipate potential situations and needs requirements arise from them all involved 2 Assess factors elements and conditions of situation involved in 3 Evaluate value and worth of factors elements and conditions of 4 Select choose from collection of available skills and behaviors 5 Apply according to factors their relevance 6 Reassess and Reevaluate for every action taken there is likely to be feedback as well as actions taken by others as a direct result of those taken by you Active Open Mindedness AOM a tool that they can apply flexibly that will help them digest master and use knowledge Communicating Effectively understanding process of communication you can understand why or why it doesn t work Ethical Communication a component of each of the six types of communication is communication that is honest fair and considerate of others rights CHAPTER 2 Self Concept accumulation of messages you received throughout your life things said to you things let go things you believe in how you think and feel about yourself Perception how you look at others and the world around you Reflected Appraisals messages you get about yourself from others Most come from things people say about you found more in females generalization Script given specific lines to speak ex say thank you to the nice women Self Fulfilling Prophecies events or actions that occur because you and other people have expected them Social Comparisons when you compare yourself with others to see how you measure up found more in males Upward taking a psychological risk ex comparing grades in class when you studied hard and still didn t do as well as someone who didn t study Downward trying to find people that did worse Self