FSU SPC 1017 - Chapter 3: Verbal Communication

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Speech test 2 Notes Chapters 3,4,5,6,10,16!!Chapter 3: Verbal Communication!!Describe how words work, Hayakawa's "ladder of abstraction," and how this contributes to effective communication.!•How you acquired your ability to use words depended on three factors !•Native architecture - Inborn language-transmission and language-acquisition !! devices!•Cognitive development - The development of the thinking and organizing ! !system of your brain. Involves language, mental imagery, reasoning, !!problem solving, and memory development.!•Environmental influences - Influences from your family through conversations, !! playing, an everyday life.!•How words work!•Semantic Triangle - A triangle with symbol at one peak, thought at another, and referent at the third. !•Thought refers to the words we use as we think about the symbol.!•Referent refers to the image we create in our minds as a result of the symbol.!•Denotative Meaning - Its dictionary definition. These words can be interpreted with good fidelity (mailbox, cat....)!•Connotative Meaning - The feeling or association each individual has about a word. Words that stand for abstract concepts that evoke strong feelings are easily misunderstood (Love, freedom, peace....). When you hear the word love you don't just think of the meaning, you probably associate it with a person or experience you have had.!•Ladder of Abstraction - Diagram of how we abstract through language, classifications, types, categories, and so on. On the bottom of the ladder is concrete (level 1) with fewer meanings and as you go up the ladder you go towards more abstract (concepts, themes) with multiple meanings (level 5).!•The more level one abstraction you use in your communication, the more likely you will be understood by your listeners.!•The ladder of abstraction is useful because; !•it will help you better analyze your communications, understandings, and misunderstandings.!•It will help you immunize yourself against political propaganda and advertising.!•You will make a number of personal adjustments as you become aware of it.!•How this contributes to effective communication!•For the listener to understand what you intend, you should have something definite in mind. If an idea or impression is vague, the resulting message will be confused and ambiguous. !•You are responsible for presenting the idea clearly and the listener is responsible for trying to understand it accurately.!•Different jobs and people in society use different types, and levels of language. Good communication requires effective adaptation. If you have to, you should dumb down your language to better communicate with others. !!Explain how language contributes to the development of credibility and what guidelines can be followed to improve credibility through language.!!•When writing online, there are rules you should follow to keep your credibility high !•Eliminate all typos or hurriedly constructed material.!•Research what you are writing carefully and in your research record phrases and thoughts.!•Watch for grammatical errors.!•Read it out loud and make sure it flows smoothly.!•You must take the time to make sure you are conveying what you want in the way you want to, with consistency that reflects who you are.!•Fonts can influence the way people see your writing.!•Language environment is made up of four elements (people, their purpose, the rules of communication, and the actual talk used in the situation).!•Ritual Language - environments where a conventionalized response is expected of you. (Hi how are you? Fine. How are you? Good.) This is something taught by parents and is different in every society. !•Power talk - Talk that comes directly to the point, does not use hesitation or qualifications. Those who engage in power talk are found to be more credible.!!Clarify the distinctions among racist, sexist, and ableist language and the concerns raised regarding their use.!!•Four types of words that are inappropriate !•Racial or ethnic epithets against members of groups to which you do not belong.!•Words that insult others appearance or behavior (stupid, ugly clumsy....)!•Words that are blasphemous ( religious words) or obscene (body function words).!•Aggressive words intended to control others such as shut up.!•Euphemism - An inoffensive word or phrase that is substituted for other words that might be perceived as unpleasant. For example, I am going to go use the restroom, vs I am going to go take a dump.!•Doublespeak - Words deliberately constructed for political purposes. Words specifically intended to impose a desirable mental attitude on those using them. Doublespeak is identical to euphemism except for two things.!•Doublespeak doesn't always have to do with unpleasant words.!•Doublespeak always relates to a political agenda.!•Distinction among racist, sexist, and ableist language!•Racist Language - Primary distinction of racist language is the tendency to describe the majority group, its actions and its members, in positive terms, whereas minority groups, their actions and members, are portrayed overwhelmingly in negative terms.!•Sexist Language - Any language that is supposed to include all people, but, unintentionally (or not) excludes a gender.!•Ableist Language - Language referring to persons with disabilities. !•The guiding principles for non-handicapping language is to maintain the integrity of individuals as whole human beings by avoiding languages that: implies that a person as a whole is disabled, equates persons with their conditions, has superfluous, negative overtones, or is regarded as a slur.!!Describe verbal style, explain its importance, and offer specific steps for developing a verbal style.!!•Verbal style - Together, language and thought determine your verbal style.!•Style is the result of the way you select and arrange words and sentences.!•Impressions of personality are often related to verbal style. It can influence peoples opinions of you.!•Rapport talk vs report talk!•Rapport talk - Women generally use this style of language. It is designed to lead to intimacy with others, to match experiences, and to establish relationships.!•Report Talk - Men generally use this style of language. The speakers goal is to maintain status, demonstrate knowledge and skills, and to keep the center stage.!•Things to avoid to developing a strong verbal style!•Avoid hedges and


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FSU SPC 1017 - Chapter 3: Verbal Communication

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Exam 1

Exam 1

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Chapter 1

Chapter 1

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Lecture 1

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