SPEECH MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE – PROFESSOR ZIEGLER – CHAPTERS 1,2,9,12,13,14,15SPC1017Chapter 1 – The communication process1. Define communication and explain it as a processa. Communication is any process in which people, through the use of symbols, verbally and/or nonverbally consciously or not consciously, intentionally or unintentionally, generate meanings (information, ideas, feelings, and perceptions) within and across various contexts, cultures, channels and media.b. Communication is a process means = it is always changing.c. The process of communication is made up of various elements:i. Sender-receivers, messages, channels, noise, feedback, and settingii. Sender-receivers: sharing is not a one-way process in which one person sends ideas and the other receives them. Most communication has sender-receivers – both sending and receiving at the same timeiii. Message: made up of ideas and feelings that sender-receivers want to share. Meaning is created jointly, there is no message if there aren’t common symbolsiv. Channel: the route traveled by a message; it is the means a message uses to reach the sender-receivers ex. (Sound, sight, the senses)v. Feedback: the response of the sender-receivers to each other. Sensoryacuity means paying attention to all elements in the communication environmentvi. Noise: interference that keeps a message from being understood or accurately interpreted1. External noise: comes from the environment, keeps the message from being heard or understood (ex. Yelling)2. Internal noise: occurs in the minds of the sender-receivers when their thoughts or feelings are focused on something other than the communication at hand. (ex. Thinking about something else3. Semantic noise: caused by people’s emotional reactions to wordsvii. Setting: the environment in which communication occurs (communication will change when setting changes)viii. All communication is made up of sender-receivers, messages, channels, feedback, noise and setting.2. Explain communication as a transaction and how the three principles relate to effective communicationa. Transactional Communication: involves three important principles.i. Communication is continuous and simultaneous1. You are always involved in sending and receiving messages, nomatter whatii. Communication events have a past, present, and future1. You respond to every situation from experiences, moods, and expectations2. Future influences communication. If you want something to continue, you will say and do things to make this happen.iii. Participants in communication play certain rules1. Roles are parts you play or ways you behave with others2. Roles do not always stay the same, they vary with moods, setting, and noise. Communication changes to meet the needs of each relationship and situation3. Describe the types of communicationa. Four different kinds most used: intrapersonal, small-group, and public communicationb. Intrapersonal communication: language use and/or thought that occurs within you, the communicator. Involves your active internal involvement in the symbolic processing of messages. i. You are your own sender and receiver and provide feedback to yourself. (ex. Daydreaming, talking to yourself)c. Interpersonal communication: communication on a one-to-one basis, usually in an informal, unstructured setting. i. Occurs mostly between two people, but may include moreii. Each person is a sender-receiveriii. Offers great opportunity for feedbackd. Small-group communication: occurs when a small number of people meet to solve a problem.i. Group must be small enough so each has a chance to interact with all other memberse. Computer Mediated Communication: technologies that facilitate both human communication and the interactive sharing of information i. Is asynchrousf. Public Communication: the sender-receiver (speaker) sends a message (the speech) to an audience.g. Intercultural communication: The communication that occurs whenever two or more people from different cultures interacti. Culture: the ever-changing values, traditions, social and political relationships, and worldview created and shared by a group of people bound together by a combination of factors (common history, geographic location, language, social class, and/or religion)ii. Co-culture: people who are part of a larger culture but also belong to asmaller group that has some different values, attitudes, or beliefs.iii. Inherent cultural issues associated with any form of communication4. Explain the elements of communication competencea. Competent communication: The ability to communicate in a personally effective and socially appropriate manner. Three Components:i. Knowledge: recognize what communication practice is appropriateii. Skill: have the ability to perform that practiceiii. Motivation: want to communicate in an affective and appropriate mannerb. Strategic Flexibility: expanding your communication repertoire (your collection or stock of communication behaviors that can readily be brought into use) to enable you to use the best skill or behavior available for a particular situation.i. Without SF you approach situations with limited resourcesii. 6 Steps of SF: Anticipate, Assess, Evaluate, Select, Apply, Reassess and reevaluateiii. Creativity: capacity to synthesize vast amounts of information and wrestle with complex problems.1. Drives successful Strategic Flexibilityc. Active Open Mindedness (AOM)- intent of opening your mind5. Discuss the principles of ethical communication and the foundation out of which ethical conduct is most likely to growa. Ethical Communication: a component of each of the six types of communication, it is communication that is honest, fair, and considerate of other’s rights. Communication is honest when communicators tell the truth; it is fair and considerate and when they consider listener’s feelings.i. No excuse is good enough to justify unethical conductii. Unethical communication threatens the quality of all communication and consequently the well-being of individuals and the society in which we liveiii. Ethical issues are inherentChapter 2 - Self, Perception, and Communication1. Explain the role of self and perception in communicationa. Both self and perception are foundations for effective communicationa. Self-concept: how you think and feel about yourselfb. Perception: How you look at others and the world around youc. How you look at the world depends on what you think of yourself, and vise versa.d.