Exam 2 ReviewSpeechChapter 51. Integrated Listening Model1. Listening preparation1. All physical, mental, and behavioral aspects that create readiness to listen2. Same aspect as “anticipate” in strategic flexibility 2. Receiving1. Process of taking in, acquiring, or accepting2. Occurs through the senses3. Similar to the “assessment” stage of strategic flexibility3. Constructing meaning 1. Making sense of the cues, signals, and impulses you receive while listening1. What is relevant and how it relates to what you already know2. Unique ability of humans to construct meaning 3. Selective attention1. Ability to focus perception, vital to constructing meaning4. Corresponds with “evaluation” and “selection” of strategic flexibility4. Responding1. Use of verbal and nonverbal messages to convey information, or feedback2. Same as “applying” in strategic flexibility5. Remembering 1. Done throughout the listening process2. Similar to “reassessment” and “reevaluation” steps of strategic flexibility3. Used to determine value and worth of what you have listened to4. Types of memorization1. Pattern, structure, order, or format2. Association3. Visualization4. Repetition2. Four styles of listening 1. People listening 1. Concern for the other person's feelings2. Seek out common interests and respond to emotions3. Ex: Couples, families, and best friends2. Action listening 1. Need for precise, error-free presentations2. Focused and on point delivery for quickest possible listening3. Found in the workplace3. Content listening1. Pertains to complex, challenging, and abstract information2. Listen without emotional involvement and evaluate before making a judgment 4. Time-style listening1. Brief and hurried interaction2. Short time frame for relaying information is often understood between participants3. Ex: News anchor receiving information before going on air3. Six Kinds of ListeningActive listening: not one of the six kinds but it is present throughout all of the six. It is a way oflistening that focuses entirely on what the other person is saying, and it demonstrates understanding of both the content of the message and the feelings underlying the message to assure accuracy 1. Discriminative listening 1. Most important of the six2. Sensitive to both verbal and nonverbal changes of communication1. Changes in others' rate, volume, force, pitch, emphasis, posture, body movements, gestures, facial expression, and eye contact2. Allows you to make sense of the meaning 2. Comprehension listening1. Understanding what others are saying because you are aware of, grasp, and can make sense of their message 2. Depends on fundamentals of vocabulary, grammar, and syntax3. Also depends on listeners ability to extract or synthesize key facts from what you hear3. Appreciative listening1. Listening for pleasure2. Recreational listening such as standup comedy, theater, movies, radio, and TV4. Critical listening (aka evaluative listening)1. You make judgments about what the other person is saying 2. Seeking out the truth of the other person's message3. Ideally, all communication should be listened to critically 4. Steps of critical listening1. Determine the speaker's motives2. Challenge and question ideas3. Distinguish fact from fiction or opinion4. Recognize your own biases 5. Asses the message or determine its value 5. Informative listening1. Occurs when your primary concern is to understand the message2. Most common kind of listening in college 3. Used to obtain directions, understand others, solve problems, and share interests 4. Steps to informative listening1. Identify the central idea2. Establish supporting evidence3. Create a mental outline4. Predict what is to come next5. Relate information to your own experiences 6. Look for similarities and differences from what you already know7. Ask questions through interpersonal communication 6. Empathetic listening1. The process of mentally identifying with the character and experiences of another person2. Involves the emotional projection of yourself into another's life3. Provides emotional support and creates intimacy 4. Gender differences in listening1. Women are more likely to be people listeners than men 2. Men and women come from different communication cultures3. Women are more often interested in relationships and networking while men are interested in competitive communication5. Factors and barriers to effective listening1. Laziness1. Avoid listening if subject is too complex, difficult, or takes too much time 2. Closed-mindedness1. Refuse to maintain relaxing environment2. Refuse to relate to the speaker's ideas3. Opinionatedness1. Become emotionally excited when speaker's views are different from their own and argue outwardly or internally 4. Insincerity1. Pay attention to speaker's word rather than the speaker's feelings2. Avoid eye contact5. Boredom1. Lack of interest, become impatient, or daydream while speaker is talking6. Inattentiveness1. Focus on speaker's mannerisms and delivery rather than on the message 6. Difficulty of listening1. Cognitive dissonance1. When conflict is felt between speaker and listener due to conflicting attitudes2. Anxiety1. Disturbance in the mind of the listener due to misgivings or worries in the mind of the listener3. Control1. Desire to have governing influence over the communication situation 2. Listeners seeking control of the conversation do not fully listen4. Passiveness 1. The suspension of the rational functions and the reduction of any physical functions to their lowest possible degree2. Passive listeners believe that listening involves no work7. The difference between good and poor listeners1. Good listener1. Eye contact2. Attentive and alert3. Patience4. Responsive with verbal and nonverbal expressions5. Ask questions 6. Paraphrase, restate, or summarize what speaker has said7. Provide construct feedback8. Shows interest9. Doesn't criticize10. Is open-minded 2. Poor listener1. Interrupts2. Little to no eye contact3. Distracted or pays no attention to speaker4. Not interested5. Gives no feedback6. Changes the subject7. Judgmental8. Closed-minded9. Talks too much10. Self-preoccupied11. Gives unwanted advice12. Too busy to listen8. The percentage of time devoted to various communication skills1. Listening: 45%2. Reading: 16%3. Speaking: 30%4. Writing: 9%Chapter 6: Interpersonal Relationships1. Factors influencing interpersonal attractiveness1. Socioeconomic and ethnic background2. Degrees of