Sunday 3 5pm review session kin 1024 Chapter 1 biology Levels at which we study biology from smallest to biggest 1 Atom 2 Molecules 3 Organelle 4 Cell 5 Tissue 6 Organ 7 Organ sytem 8 Organism 9 Population 10 Community 11 Ecosystem 12 Biosphere Emergent properties New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases Biology the study of life Systems biology An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system s parts Global climate change Increase in temperature and change in weather patterns all around the planet due mostly to increasing atmospheric CO2 levels from the burning of fossil fuels The increase in temperature called global warming is a major aspect of global climate change Temperature A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules Eukaryotic cell A type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles Organisms with eukaryotic cells protists plants fungi and animals are called eukaryotes Prokaryotic cell A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles Organisms with prokaryotic cells bacteria and archaea are called prokaryotes Deoxyribonucleic acid dna A nucleic acid molecule usually a double stranded helix in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine A cytosine C guanine G and thymine T capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell s proteins Gene A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA or RNA in some viruses Negative feedback A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process in physiology a primary mechanism of homeostasis whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change Positive feedback A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process in physiology a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change Science An approach to understanding the natural world 1cm 1 100 of a meter 1milimeter 1 1000 of a meter 1micrometer 1 1000 of millimeter Organism 1cm Organ 10 cm Cell 100cm Tissue 1cm Molecule 1nm Organelle 1nm Hypothesis a testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning A hypothesis is narrower than a theory Observation question hypethersis1 hypothesis 2 prediction test of prediction theory A good hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable Inquiry the search for information and explanation often focusing on specific question Asking question is a crucial part of science Hypothesis guess Chapter 2 Element any substance that cannot be broken down into anything smaller Compound a substance containing two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio Atom the smallest unit of matter Neutron a subatomic particle having no electrical charge with a mass about 1 7 10 24 grams found in the nucleus of an atom Proton A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge with a mass of about 1 7 10 24 g found in the nucleus of an atom Electron A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1 2 000 that of a neutron or proton One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom Isotope One of several atomic forms of an element each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons thus differing in atomic mass Radioactive isotope an isotope is an atomic form of a chemical element that is unstable Energy that capacity to cause change especially to do work or to move matter against an opposing force Electron shell an energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom Valence electron electrons in the outer most electron shell Valence shell the outermost energy shell of an atom valence electrons are found on the valence shell Covalent bond a type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons Atom abbreviation of bonds 1 2 3 4 Oxygen Hydrogen H O C Nitrogen N Carbon 3subatomic particles Neutron neutral Proton positive Electron negative Orbitals come from quantum mechanics Molecule two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds Ion an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons thus acquiring a charge Ionic bond a chemical bond resulting from attraction between oppositely charged H H Na Cl nacl Cation positively charged ion Anion a negatively charged ion electrons Covalent bonds share orbital Ionic transfer Hydrogen bonds attractive force between regions of high and low electron density Electronegativity tendency of atoms to attract electrons Polarity Hydrogen bond a type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly possitve hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule Vander waals interaction weak attraction between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transilent local partial charges exp geicos sticking to walls Chemical reaction the making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter 2H2 O2 2H2O According to the news what makes wrinkled fingers important they help grip wet objects According to the news how does armstrong dope through blood transfusion and EPO Chapter 3 water and life Emergent properties of water Cohesion high surface tension high heat capacity Temperature Density Solvent Ice floats Dissolves polar materials water has a high heat capacity Callories is defined based on water specific heat the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of material 1 degree celcius cohesion the linking together of molecules often by hydrogen bonds adhesion the clinging of one substance to another such as water to plant leaf this happens through hydrogen bond surface tension a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid Water has high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules Temperature a measure of intensity of heat in degrees reflecting the average kinetic
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