BSC 2010 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE I FALL 2012 STUDY GUIDE 6 A TOUR OF THE CELL Vocabulary Autophagy lysosome breaking down damaged organelles Phagocytosis lysosome digesting food Cell wall A protective layer external to the plasma in a cell Central vacuole In a mature plant cell a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth storage and sequestration of toxic substances Chloroplasts An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide to water Chromatin The complex DNA and proteins that make up eukaryotic chromosomes Chromosomes A cellular structure carrying genetic material found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells Cytoplasm The contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane in eukaryotes the portion exclusive of the nucleus Endomembrane system The collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell plasma membrane nuclear envelope smooth and rough ER Golgi apparatus lysosomes vesicles and vacuoles Endoplasmic reticulum ER An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded rough and ribosome free regions smooth ER lumen Rough ER Membrane factory of the cell ribosomes make various membrane proteins for cell or proteins that are going to be secreted by the cell Smooth ER Synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones Endosymbiote theory of origin of eukaryotic cells DNA Double membrane cells put up a 2nd layer Energy Concersions brought energy Ribosomes Protein Synthesis Size Mitochondria prokaryotic cell Shape Glycoproteins A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates Golgi apparatus An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify store and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products notable non cellulose carbohydrates Lysosome A membrane enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists Contain enzymes that help digest food or defective macromolecules or organelles to recycle their components Metric System meters m millimeters mn micrometers um nanometers nm Mitochondria An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP Nuclear envelope In a eukaryotic cell the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm Nucleolus A specialized structure in the nucleus consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly Nuclear pores Nucleoid region Nucleus The organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes made up of chromatin Organelles Any of several membrane enclosed strcutures with specialized functions suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells Phagocytosis A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell it is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals Plasma membrane Cell membrane The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier regulating the cell s chemical composition Ribosomes A complex of RNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm consists of a large and a small subunit IN eukaryotic cells each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus Thylakoid A flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected their membranes contain molecular machinery used to convert light energy to chemical energy Transport vesicles A small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell Vesicles A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell Principles and Concepts Know how the organization of a prokaryotic cell differs from that of a eukaryotic cell Know how a plant cell differs from an animal cell Know the approximate sizes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of the metric units used in biology Differences Location of DNA Eukaryotic DNA is in organelle nucleus Prokaryotic DNA is not membrane enclosed Eukaryotic cells 10 100 um Prokaryotic cells 1 5 um In animal cells but not plant cells Lysosomes Centrosomes Flagella but present in some plant sperm In plant cells but not animal cells Chloroplast Central vacuole Cell wall Know the parts of a cell their structure and their function to the extent discussed in lecture These parts include the plasma membrane nucleus nucleolus nuclear envelope nuclear pores ribosome endomembrane system endoplasmic reticulum transport vesicles golgi apparatus lysosomes central vacuole mitochondria and chloroplasts Know the difference between and significance of free and bound ribosomes Free ribosomes suspended in the cytosol proteins made usually work in cytosol Bound ribosomes attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope Proteins made usually destined for insertion into membranes Know the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and their functions Rough ER studded with ribosomes aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes makes glycoproteins produces new membranes Smooth ER Outer surface lacks ribosomes synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones Know what the different sides of the golgi apparatus are called and what happens at each of these sides trans face shipping side of the Golgi apparatus vesicles sip to other locations or to plasma membrane for secretation cis face receiving side of the Golgi apparatus receives vesicles from ER Know what phagocytosis and autophagy are and the role lysosomes play in these processes Phagocytosis eating by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles lysosome contains active hydrolytic enzymes food vacuole fuses with lysosome hydrolytic enzymes digest food particles Autophagy lysosome fuses with vesicle containing damaged organelles hydrolytic enzymes digest organelle components Know what mitochondria and chloroplasts are their basic structures and what they do How are they different from other organelles Both change energy from one form to another Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration the metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP by extracting energy from sugars fats and
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