LESSON 8 List the subunits of nucleic acid polymers o Nucleic acids are polymers called polynucleotides o Each polynucleotide is made of monomers called nucleotides o Nucleotide nucleoside phosphate group o What are the different types of nucleotides Cytosine Thymine Bases Uracil Adenine Guanine o Which are found in DNA o H o Which are found in RNA Base Thymine Sugar Deoxyribose Deoxiribose Base Uracil Sugar Ribose Ribose o OH o Which are purines o Which are pyrimidines Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Uracil Explain the difference between a nucleotide and a nucleoside o Nucleoside nitrogenous base sugar o Nucleotide nucleoside phosphate group o The potion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group is called a nucleosides Explain which components comprise the backbone of DNA or RNA o Adjacent nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds that form between the OH group on the 3 carbon of one nucleotide and the phosphate on the 5 carbon on the next phosphodiester linkage o These links create a backbone of sugar phosphate units with nitrogenous bases as appendages Explain how nucleic acid polymers are formed o Nucleotide polymers are linked together to build a polynucleotide o Adjacent nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds that form between the OH group on the 3 carbon of one nucleotide and the phosphate on the 5 carbon on the next phosphodiester linkage o These links create a backbone of sugar phosphate units with nitrogenous bases as appendages o The sequence of bases along a DNA or mRNA polymer is unique for each gene Is there a polarity to these polymers o The formation of hydrogen bonds occurs since nitrogenous bases contain polar regions allowing the bases to interact with other molecules with polar regions Nucleic acid DNA and RNA polymers can interact with other nucleic acid polymers or with nitrogenous bases in its own strand How are these polymers extended Explain the base pairing rule o The nitrogenous bases in DNA pair up and form hydrogen bonds adenine A always with thymine T and guanine G always with cytosine C o In RNA thymine is replaced by uracil U so A and U pair o Base pairing occurs through the formation of hydrogen bonds between the bases How many hydrogen bonds are formed with which base pairs o Hydrogen bonds will form between specific nitrogenous bases Adenine purine with thymine pyrimidine Guanine purine with cytosine pyrimidine o The number of hydrogen bonds formed differs with the nitrogenous base Adenine and thymine forms 2 hydrogen bonds Guanine with cytosine forms 3 hydrogen bonds List the different molecules that can interact with nucleic acids Describe the orientation of nucleic acid polymers in DNA and RNA o o LESSON 9 Describe the flow of energy in life o Sunlight Green plant cell photosynthesis Glucose Metabolism of glucose in all cells ATP used as a source of energy for cell processes Define metabolism and describe the two main metabolic pathways is the totality of an organism s chemical reactions o Metabolism o Two main metabolic pathways Anabolic Catabolic consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones The synthesis of protein from amino acids is an example of anabolism release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds Cellular respiration the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is an example of a pathway of catabolism o Which pathway builds molecules o Which pathway breaks down molecules Anabolic Catabolic Define energy and describe the different types of energy o Energy o Kinetic o Potential o First o Second is the capacity to cause change Energy exists in various forms some of which can perform work Heat thermal energy is energy associated with motion atoms or molecules is kinetic energy associated with random movement of is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure Chemical energy reaction is the potential energy available for release in a chemical Define and explain the first and second law of thermodynamics the energy of the universe is constant Energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed The first law is also called the principle of conservation of energy Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy disorder of the Explain the concept of free energy universe cell o How do you calculate free energy o is energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform as in a living The change in free energy G during a process is related to the change in enthalpy or change in total energy H change in entropy S and temperature in Kelvin T Only processes with a negative G are spontaneous G H T S If G final is greater than G initial then delta G is greater than zero and is not spontaneous If G final is less than G initial then delta G is less than zero and is spontaneous o How do you determine if a reaction is exergonic or endergonic proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous Exergonic Endergonic o How do you determine if a reaction is spontaneous or non spontaneous absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous If G final is greater than G initial then delta G is greater than zero and is not spontaneous If G final is less than G initial then delta G is less than zero and is spontaneous Describe an ATP molecule and explain its importance to life o is the cell s energy shuttle o ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions Explain what is a coupled reaction o the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one Explain how ATP drives endergonic reactions o ATP drives endergonic reactions by phosphorylation transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule such as a reactant o The recipient molecule is now called a phosphorylated intermediate A phosphorylated intermediate allows for the coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions o What role does the phosphate group play The recipient of the phosphate group allow coupling to happen Explain how ATP is regenerated from ADP H2O Lesson 10 Define a catalyst reaction Define an enzyme o is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the o is a catalytic protein o What is a cofactor are non protein enzyme helpers Cofactors may be Inorganic such as a metal in ionic form Inorganic cofactors include zinc copper iron etc Organic An organic cofactor is called a coenzyme Coenzymes include vitamins vitamin derivatives o What is a coenzyme An organic cofactor is called a coenzyme
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