MMC2000 Final Exam Chapters 8 15 Chapter 8 Television Cable and Mobile Video In 1884 Paul Nipkow developed the rst device generating electrical signals transmitting a scene Phils Farmsworth and Vladimir Zworykin pioneered the development of early television By 1959 there were 559 stations and 90 of the U S households had televisions Timeline 1884 Nipkow invents his disc 1923 Zworykin demonstrates electronic iconoscope tube 1927 Farnsworth demonstrates electronically scanned television images 1928 Baird transmits mechanical video image across Atlantic 1939 Sarnoff introduces regular television broadcasting at World s Fair 1941 First 2 commercial stations approved 1948 Television freeze Walson begins CATV 1950 Red Channels Nielsen ratings 1951 U S wired coast to coast I Love Lucy 1954 Army McCarthy Hearings telecast 1959 Quiz show scandal 1962 All channel legislation 1963 FCC begins regulation of cable 1975 HBO begins national distribution 1976 VCR introduced 1996 DVD introduced Telecommunications Act 1998 rst digital T V broadcast 1999 DVR Introduced 2002 FCC mandates digital receivers by 2007 2004 cable content and pricing face government scrutiny 2005 Networks begin selling program downloads and Brand X decision 2007 Afterworld 2009 All TV stations are digital 2010 Comcast vs FCC Hulu premieres rst original show Mobile digital Television Televison programs included variety shows situation comedies The quiz show scandal changed the networks from single advertiser sponsored programs to spot sales made to sponsors The Nielson Ratings were carried over from radio to record data about TV watching habits Total Audience Measurement Index TAMi dramas soap operas quiz shows feature lms talk shows television news and broadcasts I Love Lucy McCarthyism and his Red Scare Edward R Murrow Sweeps period Share and C3 rating The Coming of Cable antenna television CATV Master antenna television MATV Importation of distant signals In 1948 appliance salesman John Walson began wiring tv sets to a tower as a way to increase sales of his TVs In june of the same year Walson had 727 subscribers for his community Ratings and Shares can be computed using these formulas Ratings households tuned in to given program all households with television Shares households tuned into a given program all households tuned into tv at that time The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 united the educational channels into the Public Broadcasting Services PBS There are 114 9 million television households in the U S The annual billings for television are around 70 billion The average 30 second prime time network television spot costs 100 000 79 of American consumers see television as the most in uential ad medium Scope and Nature of Broadcast Television Industry Af liates sell viewers to advertisers ABC NBC and CBS each have over 200 af liates Local af liates clear time in exchange for direct payments compensation for airing a program Networks and Program Content Networks control what appears on network ad non network TV off network programs Networks in uence what appears on independent stations and cable channels How a program gets on the air approximately 100 trial programs or pilots are lmed out of 4 000 proposals for new TV series Approximately 12 1 in 10 will have a full broadcast season Networks prefer producers with organizational and nancial stability Producers assume production costs and later make large amounts of pro t in syndication The price of a syndicated program depends on the market size the competition and the age and popularity of the program Producers keep 100 of the income of programming produced for syndication Satellites have improved the distribution process of syndicated programs They are inexpensive to distribute First run syndication original prgramming produced speci cally for the syndicated television market Cable and Satellite Television 1975 HBO began distributing movies by satellite as premium cable Premium cable eroded broadcaster pro ts Fiber optic and public enthusiasm brought the medium to maturity Basic Cable Programming The Cable Television Consumer Protection Act of 1992 required operators to offer basic and expanded cable Multiple Systems Operators MSOs own several cable franchises Premium Cable The FCC made it possible for MSOs to host other satellite pay networks such as HBO Showtime and Cinemax Trends and Convergence in Television and Cable VCR introduced commercially in 1976 Time shi ting taping a show for later viewing zipping fast forward past commercial breaks during playback DVDs are the fastest growing consumer electronic product of all time DVR Digital Video Recorder To use replay TV or Tivo viewers must buy a special reciever requiring a monthly charge Digitization of video signals reduces their size Multiplexing carrying two or more signals over the same channel Made possible by digital compression squeezes signals to permit multiple signals to be carried over one channel works by removing redundant info from the transmission of the signal Can be a hindrance to increased offerings by broadcasters as only transmitting high de nition images as technologically required may lead to loss of audience share to cable Internet and DBS Video on the internet 20 of internet users watch online video It attracts 142 million unique viewers per month Most content originated on network and cable TV but much is also Web only video delivery of digital images and other info to subscribers that offers the truest form Interactive Television Digital cable television of interaction In 2009 there were 42 million digital cable subscribers 38 8 million cable modem users connect to the Net Phone Over Cable Currently there are 18 7 million phone over cable subscrbers allows for bundling of services delivering television VOD audio high speed internet access long distance and local phone service multiple phone lines and fax via cable May prove pro table for MSOs Mobile Video TV via mobile devices such as phones or portable video players Cell phone video producers create short mobisodes brief video episodes of tv programs created speci cally for mobile screens Mobile video takes on other forms as well Developing Media Literacy Skills Recognizing Staged News News staging recreation of news events arranged or simulated have happened with the claim that it could of happened Re creation of news has been more contentious are harder to defend Media literate people develop strategies to analyze content deciding
View Full Document
Unlocking...