FAD3271 Exam 2 Study Textbook Study Guide Chapter 5 Perceiving Perceiving a process of gathering information Individual family information come from the process of perceiving It is a active process of interpreting and giving meaning to the environment Information or input is received through the body s physical sensory mechanisms o This input forms an image and is interpreted for understanding perception Perception the process of meaningfully organizing sensations or the process of how we assemble sensations into useable pictures models of the world Perception is the individuals first stage of choice Contains a feeling and a real wonder for life Perceptions become the meanings beliefs and values that influence individual and family actions decision making The human mind processes perceptions of input from the environment and adapts in 2 ways 1 assimilation 2 accommodation o Assimilation the process where the mind receives an information input from the environment already exists There is already existing knowledge of the information a familiar pattern The information is placed into an existing category o Accommodation the complementary process when the environment influences the person and prompts the mind to change its internal functioning in terms of the external world An individual see s something that does not fit into an existing category the internal functioning changes to create a new category accommodation The complementary process of assimilation and accommodation form a dynamic equilibrium while regulating cognitive activity Social factors such as language cultural background customs attitudes filter o Learning a new language new cultural backgrounds ext will expand our social Individual factors such as personal history personal abilities and experiences also perceptions perceptions effect our perceptions lens Process of Perception Cognitive Maps Cognitive Map Mental Map are images about an area or an environment developed by an individual on the basis of information or impressions which the individual receives interprets codes and stores o Simply the interpretations or pictures in our mind o Mental maps include the emotional meaning of the setting or context Age is an important factor in developing factor in perception broadens with age How individuals perceive the environment and how they perceive themselves are related Field Independent people are highly sensitive to stimuli from their own bodies o Remain independent 1 within the family setting perceiving enrolled in the class Field dependent people who are highly sensitive to the environment and rely on others for guidance Internally directed people perceive themselves as being able to control a situation Externally directed people believe that fate has preordained what will happen and the powerful others and or environment conditions will control the situation o The perception of internality or externality is believed to be developed early in life Certain stimuli influence the way patterning and organization occur in the process of o Proximity ex Students sitting together in a classroom are perceived as members o Similarity ex All dogs regardless of breed appearance are dogs o Continuity ex Pictures in a story book placed in a series of a continuous pattern are assumed to be part of one story o Closure ex Tendency to form shapes with minimal cues An drawing of a unfinished face o Contiguity occurring simultaneously or in close proximity in time and space lake Michigan s contiguity to the state of Michigan 5 interrelated processes that occur almost simultaneously during perception o Affect emotional impact of perception o Orientation becoming acquainted or familiar with any situation o Categorization developing categories for similar objects and events o Systematization identification of regularities in the environment o Manipulation active process of the perceiver design the environment and create change Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs o 1 physiological needs thirst hunger safety love o 2 safety needs protection from dangers in the physical environment o 3 Belonging love individuals needs for close emotionally and relationships o 4 Esteem desire for self respect self esteem and esteem for others o 5 Self actualization highest of needs realization of ones potential and ideals Ch 6 Space Time Space the 3D expanse in which events actions and processes occur and in which energy and matter exist Territoriality the emotional attachment to and the defense of home ground Privacy what information an individual communicates with others Personal space the zone of privacy and separation from others our culture or physical circumstances require or permit Activity space within an area which we move freely during our daily activities Awareness space knowledge of opportunity locations beyond normal activity space is minimal distorted and sometime absent Fixed featured space refers to the physical space organized by unmoving boundaries often referred to as psychological boundaries Semi fixed feature space refers to flexible space created by the arrangement of furniture and other movable objects 2 Informal space refers to the way people handle the individual or spatial needs Intimate space allows closeness and encourages expressions of behaviors such as according the situation hugging whispering and talking softly resolution and the sharing of emotions Personal space encourages interpersonal discussions decision making conflict Social space usually used by small groups to engage in social or business conversations often used when introducing individuals Public space allows for short discussion greetings from a distance Also designated for public speaking or some type of public forum Time Relationships 3 domains that closely relate to individuals and family systems o 1 Individual time o 2 Social time o 3 Cultural time Perception of time is closely linked to o Time sense o When a person is alarmed exposed to danger o Pain o Age o Increased environmental stimulation o States of emergency o Variations in individual subjective time anticipation Synchronization the process of maintaining a program for regulating the overall day to day life of family is an additional aspect of time that affects individuals within families Historical time refers to the time period which the family lives Generation the term used for our concept of the lings that connects grandparents parents and children throughout time Generational process connections between
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