CHAPTER 11 GREECE AND THE MIDDLE EAST GREECE TURKEY THE LEVANT GREECE Athens Eastern Orthodox form of Christianity 98 Official Language Greek Greece is known as the Cradle of Western Civilization Democracy Western Philosophy CRETE Part of Greece 5th largest island in the Mediterranean Cretan Greek Dialect Center of Europe s 1st advanced civilization Minoan TURKEY Severe Earthquakes Language Turkish Main Religion Islam Constantinople THE LEVANT Geographical Features Mediterranean Sea Istanbul Capital of Turkey aka Byzantium and Peloponnesus Peninsula Southernmost part of mainland Greece Tigris River Bosporus Channel between Europe and Asia Euphrates River Shatt al Arab Where the Tigris and Euphrates river come together and form the Persian Gulf Persian Gulf AGRICULTURE GREECE Wheat Corn Rice Grapes and Citrus Olive Oil Fish Sheep Feta cheese is made with Ewe s milk sheep milk and in Greece feta cheese must be 70 ewe s milk and it takes 3 months to cure THE LEVANT Water is scarce Corn Fruit Nuts Tobacco Cotton Grapes Figs Olives Citrus Sesame Bananas Sheep Cattle Chickens FETA CHEESE Sheep are used for dairy and meat Spanakopita Spinach Pie has feta cheese in it Tyropita Football shaped pita sandwich stuffed with all kinds of things including feta cheese Greek Salad has feta cheese on it GREECE HISTORY CULTURE Minoan King Knossos Palace located in Crete in Greece Destroyed by Title Wave Minoans Myceans Spartans Athenians Macedonians Romans Ottoman Turks PELOPONESIAN WARS These were wars between Athens and Sparta The wars caused the decline of culture in Greece and they reshaped Ancient Greece TURKEY Hittites first civilization in Turkey They are known for being very advanced for the time Phoenicians took over after the Hittites Lebanon Sailors and Trade Developed boats that allowed them to travel faster Byzantine Empire Easternmost part of the Roman Empire Very powerful empire Fell to the Turks Islam The Turks ruled for 200 years When the Turks were ruling the religion went from being Christian to being Islam The Ottoman Empire took over after the Turks RELIGIOUS IMPACT ON THE LEVANT Greek Orthodox mainly in Greece There are different areas for all of the different religions to Judaism mainly in Jerusalem Christianity spread evenly Islam mainly in Turkey pray RELIGION Greece Greek Orthodoxy Turkey Islam Whirling Dervish Dance GREEK HOLIDAYS Feast of St Basil New Year celebration A Byzantine holiday tradition Vassilopita bread that has a hidden coin in it and if you get the piece with the coin then that means you will have good luck all year Greek Independence Day March 25th Marks the struggle against the Ottomans and the religious event of the Feast of the Annunciation Orthodox Easter The feasting for Greek Orthodox Easter includes red dyed Easter eggs and lamb roasted on a spit HAGIA SOPHIA Located in Istanbul Turkey A dominant building This huge domed church was built by Byzantine Emperor Justinian for Christian worship It was converted to a mosque Now it has been changed into a museum Iran is known for its Beluga Caviar which is harvested from sturgeon in the Caspian Sea which is on Iran s border IRAN ALPHABETS Greek Hebrew Arabic GREECE FOOD PATTERNS Light breakfast yogurt with honey Hearty Lunch Late Supper Gyro Pita stuffed with lamb Moussaka Layered eggplant spiced meat filling topped with B chamel sauce FOODS Pita Lavosh Phyllo Falafel Tahini Tabouli Shawarma LAVOSH Armenian Cracker Bread Typically not crisp Used as a wrap Phyllo Butter Honey Nuts BAKLAVA Really rich FALAFEL Deep fried ball or patty Ground chickpeas and or fava beans Usually served in a pita Lettuce Yogurt TAHINI HUMMUS Paste of ground sesame seeds Chickpeas Tahini Lemon Juice Garlic and Olive Oil TABOULI DOLMAS Salad that contains Soaked bulgur wheat minced parsley mint diced tomatoes olive oil and lemon juice Stuffed grape leaves Rice with lamb and spices THE WINES OF GREECE 3rd most mountainous country in Europe Slopes or Remote Island Volcanic Soil is good for growing grapes Retsina Addition of Pine Resin A wine of the past New Greek Wines Alpha Estates There have been major changes in the past 25 years CHAPTER 12 NORTH AFRICA NORTH AFRICA Five Countries Sinai Peninsula to Morocco Linked by Sahara to Sub Saharan Africa Sahara creates effective barrier Cultural barrier to the rest of Africa GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW Egypt Libya Tunisia Algeria Morocco SUEZ CANAL The Highway to India THE MAGHREB Northwest Africa Tunisia Algeria Morocco Barbary Coast Berber Inhabitants of Libya and Maghreb known to be very fierce fighters MOROCCAN MOUNTAINS Four Mountain Ranges The Rif The Middle Atlas High Atlas Anti Atlas Sahara Desert Oases Sand Storms THE NILE RIVER Flows through 10 countries North Flowing AGRICULTURE Little rainfall therefore there is poor agriculture Longest river in the world over 4 000 miles Egypt has 22 of the Nile River Nile River Valley areas are much more fertile Irrigation Agriculture near the Nile River in Egypt The Nile River ranges from 2 14 miles wide so there is a very small area for population ASWAN DAM Positive effects It has stopped the flooding Water storage Hydroelectricity 1 3 crops per year Negative effects Changed the pollution in the area Shows that with all advancements there will always be negative effects that come with the positive effects Wheat Corn Dates Sheep Goats Limited Beef Pigeons Water Buffalo or Donkeys and hand labor are used to farm SOURCES OF MEAT Camel Brisket ribs loin hump is a delicacy Dovecotes home base for pigeons Some farmers along the arid northern coastlands of Africa maintain dovecotes that provide stylish homes for the birds Bastila a favorite specialty of Morocco that features pigeon as the main ingredient It contains dates nuts and pigeon It is sweet salty and crisp MOROCCAN WATER VENDORS Moroccan water vendors in their unique costumes carry a tank of water on their backs and pour water into cups hanging around their necks they wait for customers to drink the water before reclaiming the cup and selling a cupful to Ramadan is a time of fasting so it is a hard time for them the next customer EGYPTIAN HISTORY 4th Dynasty Pyramids Sphinx 31 Dynasties ruled prior to Alexander the Great Ptolemaic Dynasty Under Alexander the Great Greek Ptolemy I Soter General first to rule Cleopatra and Mark Antony last to rule Roman Empire 30BC Octavian captured Alexandria Egypt Made official religion Christianity Arabs Invade Bringing Muslim Religion French 3years Napoleon
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