Perceiving Chapter 5 lecture Factors influencing perception 1 Self Concept Esteem 2 Perceiving to attain awareness or understanding of to become aware of through the senses 3 Perception a result of perceiving 4 Filtering Self Concept Esteem People s perception of themselves Kitten looks into a mirror and sees a lion Perceiving Seeing an image Taking in sensory stimulation input Organization of materials Some type of action output process Product of Service Perceiving Thinking Acting Perception process of meaningfully organizing sensations to gain useable picture of world Perceiving active process of interpreting and giving meaning to the environment Filtering Process involves 1 Physical Factors 2 Social Factors 3 Individual Factors Physical Factors Information from environment is received through the body s physical sensory mechanisms Input forms an image and is interpreted for understanding Social Factors Perceptions filtered through the social system Language limits and influences meanings we establish Individual Factors Abilities and experiences influence a person s meanings and interpretation processes Assumptions about human behavior Expectations Knowledge Personal Moods Assimilation Individual receives input from the environment There is existing knowledge of the information Person takes information identifies it and places into existing category Picture of a zebra Accommodation Environment influences person and prompts mind to change its internal functioning in terms of external world a person sees something that doesn t fit into an existing category and must make a new category for it Picture of a zebra and a white horse mix Cognitive maps A mental representation of one s physical environment Collection of beliefs experiences and information that a person uses to orient himself or herself within an environment such as a social setting Field dependence vs independence Field Dependent people who are field dependent are frequently described as being very interpersonal and having a well developed ability to read social cues and to openly convey their own feelings Field Independent individuals who are field independent use an internal frame of reference and can easily impose their own sense of order in a situation that is lacking structure They are sometimes described as impersonal and task oriented Women are more likely to be field dependent and men are more likely to be field independent How do we attach meaning to our experiences Meaning comes from our not from objects themselves interactions with objects Meaning is negotiated through use of language 3 STEPS USED TO ATTACH MEANING TO EXPERIENCES 1 Selection 3 Interpretation 2 Organization o Selection intensity repetition motivation o Organization Arrange data in a meaningful way Age of perceiver o Interpretation Factors influencing interpretation Assumptions about human behavior Expectations Knowledge Past experiences Personal moods Physiological Influences on perception Taste Temperature Touch Loudness Vision Odor 1 Cognitive 2 Emotional 3 Individual 4 Physical Rules to guide perception Perception has 4 Characteristics Perceiver affects what is perceived Environment in which perception occurs is important Sense organs are not as important as integration of processing functions o Maslow s Hierarchy Gender differences a gender difference is a distinction of biological and or physiological characteristics typically associated with either males or females of a species in general Characteristics of Perceptual organization 1 Closure 2 Contiguity 3 Continuity 4 Proximity 5 Similarity Proximity Stimuli or objects close together are perceived as part of the same group Example Nine squares placed without proximity they are perceived as separate shapes When squares are given close proximity unity occurs they continue to be separate shapes but are now perceived as 1 group Similarity Stimuli or objects with similar characteristics size shape color or form tend to be grouped together Example The 11 distinct objects appear as a single unit because all of the shapes have similarity Unity occurs because the triangular shapes at the bottom of the eagle symbol look similar to the shapes that form the sunburst ANOMALY When similarity occurs an object can be emphasized if dissimilar to others the figure on the far right becomes focal point because it is dissimilar to the other shapes Continuity stimulus or objects that seem to form continuous patterns are perceived as whole Example Continuity occurs because viewer s eye will follow a line or curve The smooth flowing crossbar of the H leads eye to the maple leaf Closure stimuli that seem to form part of a whole tend to be perceived together as if the total pattern were there Example When the viewer s perception completes a shape closure occurs Although the panda is not complete enough is present for eye to complete the shape Contiguity stimuli occurring in close proximity in time and space something touching or in contact Example Contiguous states in U S Scandinavia Perceptual blindness Visual system can focus on only one or very few objects at a time Brain is fills gaps and compiles a cohesive portrait of reality based on a flickering view Visual attentiveness limited resources More information than you can analyze and process In deciding what to focus on the brain essentially only takes in that information Symbolic Interaction Reading lecture Basic assumptions We understand and relate to our environment based on the symbols that we know or learn We react to something according to the meaning that thing has for us We learn about meaning through interactions with others we make value judgments We interpret what s learned we aren t passive We must have a sense of self to interact with others based on our meaning of situations Infants are asocial develop sense of self as they interact not born with temperament Sense of self motivates future behavior we reflect on experiences and use them as guide We are born into environment with symbols and values assigned at birth We are influenced by cultural norms values and changing societal expectations We learn rules and values of society through everyday interactions within our culture Symbols Interactions The meaning of symbols is Learned for interacting Based on way we see others using them May not be the same in different situations and Based in context of current environment Interaction Social behavior between two or more people Some type of
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