LECTURE 5 OBJECTIVES 1 Understand how biological macromolecules are built condensation or dehydration reactions and broken down hydrolysis condensation and dehydration build macromolecules cid 127 molecules are broken down by hydrolysis 3 Be able to recognize carbohydrates sugars from their structural formulas and that they contain a carbonyl group either an aldehyde or a ketone Know what a monosaccharide polysaccharide and disaccharide are disaccharide formed from two monosaccharides by dehydration reactions condensation reactions which are reactions that result in the loss of components that form water double sugars polysaccharides polymers of hundred to thousands of monosaccharide subunits joined by glycosidic bonds storage energy and carbon roles and structural roles lots of sugar blocks starch glycogen and cellulose cid 127 monosaccharides simplest carbohydrates single sugars cid 127 molecular formula x CH2O carbons and so can exist as enantiomers cid 127 monosaccharides linear or cyclical carbs 1 carbons so they are enantiomers glucose 6 carbon cid 127 monosacc sucrose disacch glucose fructose 5 Know that monosaccharides can exist in either a linear or cyclic ring form Carbohydrates contain one or more asymmetric 7 Know that glucose is a 6 carbon monosaccharide sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose 9 Know that glucose forms two important polysaccharides starch glycogen and cellulose Starch is used for energy storage and that cellulose is used in plants to build cell walls structural role Starch is composed of 1 4 linked glucoses with occasional 1 6 linked side chains Cellulose is composed of multiple chains 1 4 linked beta glucoses a different glucose enatiomer than found in starch and the individual chains are hydrogen bounded together which makes cellulose highly resistant to degradation hydrolysis glucose starch and cellulose starch energy storage 1 4 linked glucoses cellulose plants 1 4 linked beta chains LECTURE 6 OBJECTIVES 1 Know the general structures of the three types of lipids Fats Phospholipids and Steroids and be able to state what their main biological functions are cid 127 Fats facilitates absorption of vitamins cid 127 constructed from glycerol and fatty acids cid 127 glycerol three carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon cid 127 attached to the 3 carbon alcohol glycerol triglycerides fatty acid carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton one fatty acid is attached to each OH in glycerol phospholipids cid 127 metabolism and cell signaling cid 127 when added to water they self assemble into a bilayer the hydrophobic tail faces the inside two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol fatty acid tales are hydrophobic steroids carbon skeleton and four fused rings hormones and signaling molecules cholesterol is a very important steroid lipids with four fused rings temperature at which lipids solidify saturated fats three fatty acids that are completely saturated 3 Know the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat and know the effect of the degree of saturation on the cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 tend to stack together and form solids butter can clog arteries cardiovascular disease unsaturated fats one or more unsaturated fatty acid prevalent in fish and animals the inflexibility of double bonds prevent them from stacking liquids at room temperature group and a long hydrophobic tail all lipids hydrophobic 5 Understand that all lipids are hydrophobic but that phospholipids have a double character by having a charged polar head phospholipids have a charged polar head group and phospholipid tail 7 Know that cell membranes are composed of phospholipid bilayers in which the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid cluster together on the inside of the bilayer and the hydrophilic heads with the charged phosphate group that project outward where they can interact with water cell membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers the hydrophobic tails cluster together and face the inside the hydrophilic heads project outward and interact with water the bilayer arrangement forms a barrier between the aqueous exterior and the aqueous interior of our cells LECTURE 7 OBJECTIVES 1 Know that proteins are polymers of amino acids that each kind of protein has a unique amino acid composition order in which the amino acids are strung together that cells contain thousands of different kinds of proteins and that each protein has a specific cellular function 3 Be able to draw the general structure of an amino acid know that there are 20 different amino acids used to make proteins and know five different categories of amino acids based on the chemical character of their R groups side groups proteins polymers of amino acids each protein has a unique composition of amino acids each protein has a specific cellular function structural storage transport hormonal receptor etc 20 different amino acids used to make proteins 5 different amino acids based on the chemical character non polar polar but uncharged charged acidic basic 5 Understand how amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to make polypeptides carboxyl and amino groups are joined together by dehydration into a CN bond peptide bonds link the amino acids carboxyl and amino groups are joined together by dehydration into a CN bond 7 Understand that a protein s function depends on the amino acids it contains and its overall 3 D shape cid 127 overall shape results from the interactions between the R groups function depends on shape 9 Know what the 4 levels of protein structure are primary through quaternary cid 127 primary cid 127 secondary the sequence of amino acids in the chain hydrogen bonding regular repeating bonding between the N and O components of peptide bonds cid 127 bonding between every 4th amino acid bond bonding is between different segments of the polypeptide that come to parallel each other cid 127 helix form cid 127 helical shape b pleated sheath tertiary cid 127 hydrogen bonds ionic bonds cid 127 disulfide bridges between cysteines cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127
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